UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Development of the Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure via Smart-Charging Algorithms DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering by Edgar De Jesus Ramos Muñoz Dissertation Committee: Professor Faryar Jabbari Professor Gregory Washington Professor G. Scott Samuelsen 2019 © 2019 Edgar De Jesus Ramos Muñoz DEDICATION To my family, friends, and mentors ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................... xii CURRICULUM VITAE ....................................................................................................... xiii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ........................................................................... xviii 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview and Goal ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Literature Review...................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Grid-Level Smart Charging ............................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Workplace Smart Charging ............................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Octopus Charger Model..................................................................................... 6 2 Goals, Objectives, and Approach ..................................................................................... 8 2.1 Goal ........................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................. 8 2.3 Approach / Summary ................................................................................................ 9 3 Terminology ................................................................................................................... 13 4 Parameters, data, and related assumptions ..................................................................... 15 4.1 Driving Schedules ................................................................................................... 15 4.2 BEV Data ................................................................................................................ 15 4.3 Baseload Data ......................................................................................................... 18 4.4 Simulation Parameters ............................................................................................ 19 4.5 Electricity Costs ...................................................................................................... 20 5 BEV-based Optimization Protocol ................................................................................. 23 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 23 5.2 Overview of BEV-based Optimization Protocol .................................................... 25 5.3 Charging Strategies ................................................................................................. 26 5.3.1 Uncontrolled Charging .................................................................................... 26 5.3.2 Smart Charging ................................................................................................ 26 5.4 Ordering Strategies ................................................................................................. 33 5.4.1 Ordering via Arrival Time ............................................................................... 33 5.4.2 Ordering via Flexibility Ratio.......................................................................... 33 iii 5.5 Station Assignment ................................................................................................. 35 5.5.1 Modified Interval Partitioning Assignment ..................................................... 35 5.6 Simulation Results .................................................................................................. 40 5.6.1 Uncontrolled Charging .................................................................................... 40 5.6.2 Smart Charging: Valley Filling ....................................................................... 42 5.6.3 Smart Charging: Augmented Cost Signal ....................................................... 43 5.7 Effects on Parking Structure Demand Load ........................................................... 46 5.8 Effects on Electricity Costs ..................................................................................... 48 5.9 Effects on Bin Assignment ..................................................................................... 50 5.10 Sensitivity to Inaccurate Driving Patterns .............................................................. 54 5.11 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 55 6 Octopus Charger-Based Optimization Protocol ............................................................. 57 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 57 6.2 Overview of Octopus Charger-Based Optimization Protocol ................................ 59 6.3 Octopus Charger Assignment ................................................................................. 60 6.3.1 Octopus Charger Assignment via Sorted-Balance .......................................... 61 6.4 Smart Charging: Octopus Charger-Based Optimization......................................... 63 6.4.1 Octopus Charger-Based Optimization: Linear Programming ......................... 64 6.4.2 Octopus Charger-Based Optimization: Mixed Integer Linear Programming . 73 6.5 Results ..................................................................................................................... 80 6.5.1 Octopus Charger Assignment .......................................................................... 81 6.5.2 Octopus Charger-Based MILP: Early Charging .............................................. 83 6.5.3 Octopus Charger-Based MILP: Valley Filling ................................................ 84 6.5.4 Octopus Charger-Based MILP: Augmented Cost Signal ................................ 85 6.5.5 Effects on Parking Structure Demand Load .................................................... 87 6.5.6 Effects on Electricity Costs ............................................................................. 89 6.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 90 7 Real-Time Octopus Charger-Based Optimization ......................................................... 92 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 92 7.2 Overview of Real-Time Octopus Charger-Based Optimization Protocol .............. 94 7.3 Octopus Charger Assignment via Greedy-Balance ................................................ 95 7.4 Results ..................................................................................................................... 96 7.4.1 Octopus Charger Assignment via Greedy-Balance ......................................... 96 7.4.2 Real-Time Octopus Charger-Based MILP: Early Charging ............................ 98 iv 7.4.3 Real-Time Octopus Charger-Based MILP: Valley Filling .............................. 99 7.4.4 Real-Time Octopus Charger-Based MILP: Augmented Cost Signal ............ 100 7.4.5 Effects on Parking Structure Demand Load .................................................. 102 7.4.6 Effects on Electricity Costs ........................................................................... 103 7.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 104 8 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 107 8.1 BEV-based Optimization Protocol ....................................................................... 108 8.2 Octopus Charger-based MILP Protocol ................................................................ 109 8.3 Real-Time Octopus Charger-based MILP Protocol .............................................. 109 8.4 Future Work .......................................................................................................... 111 9 Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 112 9.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Algorithms for Coordination of the Grid and Distribution Transformer Levels............................................................................................