An archaeological and historical survey of the Knowles Farm & St. Catherine's Hill and Down estates, Isle of Wight centred on SZ 4975 7550 & SZ 4935 7800 Volume 1: historical text & appendices by Christopher K Currie BA (Hons), MPhil, MIFM, MIFA CKC Archaeology Report to the National Trust (Southern Region) March 2001 Knowles Farm & St Catherine's Hill and Down Historic Landscape Survey 2 CKC Archaeology Contents page no. Summary archaeology and history 4 Summary management recommendations 7 1.0 Introduction 9 2.0 Strategy 9 2.1 Methodology 9 2.2 Time expenditure 10 2.3 Limitations of documentary research 10 2.4 Limitations of field survey 11 3.0 Description of the site 11 3.1 The site 11 3.2 Historical background 12 3.3 Archaeological background 14 4.0 Early landscape history 18 4.1 Early Prehistoric landscapes 18 4.2 Iron Age and Roman landscapes 20 4.3 Saxon landscapes 22 5.0 Medieval landscapes 24 6.0 Post-medieval landscapes 28 7.0 Recommendations 49 7.1 Recommendations for general management, further survey and research: introduction 49 7.2 Management recommendations: those needing urgent attention 50 7.3 Management recommendations: general considerations 51 7.4 Recommendations for further survey 54 7.5 Recommendations for further research 55 8.0 Archive 56 9.0 Acknowledgements 56 10.0 References 57 Knowles Farm & St Catherine's Hill and Down Historic Landscape Survey 3 CKC Archaeology Appendices Appendix 1: extracts for Niton from surveys of crown estates 64 Appendix 2: Survey of the lands of George, lord Edgcumbe on the Isle of Wight 1771 66 Appendix 3: details from the survey book of the Worsley estates, 1774 (IOWRO JER/WA/33/36) 67 Appendix 4: details from survey of Niton, 1791 (IOWRO 82/43) 70 Appendix 5: details from survey of Fitzpatrick lands in Niton, 1803 (IOWRO CRO/M/17/1) 72 Appendix 6: field details from map of Knowles Farm area, c. 1816 75 Appendix 7: Key to tithe map field numbers 76 Appendix 8: Guidelines for the management of archaeological sites 79 on the study area: general principles and legislation Appendix 9: Recommendations for built structures 84 Appendix 10: current policy for the preservation and protection of the historic landscape of the South Wight coast. 85 Appendix 11: glossary of archaeological terms 86 Knowles Farm & St Catherine's Hill and Down Historic Landscape Survey 4 CKC Archaeology Summary statement This survey was proposed by the Southern Region of the National Trust as part of the continuing enhancement of the land management of their properties. It is eventually hoped that all National Trust properties will be incorporated on a centralised Sites and Monuments Record computerised database (henceforth SMR) held at the Cirencester office. The brief was drawn up for the survey by Caroline Thackray, Archaeological Adviser. C K Currie of CKC Archaeology was asked to undertake the survey on behalf of the property management during the winter of 2000-1. The study was divided into two units because of the great differences in landscape type. St Catherine's Hill and Down provided a strip of high chalk downland landscape, whilst that under the inland Gore Cliff at Knowles Farm formed part of an exceptional geological formation called the Undercliff. Both study areas revealed archaeology of considerable interest. St Catherine's Hill and Down are visually dominated by two prominent landmarks, the medieval tower of St Catherine's Oratory in the south, and the early 19th-century Hoy's Monument, a stone pillar commemorating the visit of Tsar Alexander I in 1814, at the north end of the down. This dominance, however, is purely visual. The real influence in the making of this landscape is the topographical form of the landscape itself. This is crossed on a north-south axis by the parish boundary between Niton and Chale, running along the high ridge of the downs. This boundary appears to be of great antiquity, following the top of the highest ground in the neighbourhood. Sited on it, and highly visible from the west, are two Bronze Age barrows. Their situation is so close to the boundary that it is tempting to suggest that the boundary may have been an ancient land division when these barrows were built. Later the boundary is thought to have become part of the eastern edge of the Saxon minster parish of Carisbrooke. Following the break up of this land unit, it continued to be the boundary between the parishes of Chale and Niton, and Chale and Whitwell. It is probably no coincidence that the medieval oratory of St Catherine was built next to the highest of the barrows. This serves the double purpose of taking over a pagan site, and taking up one of the highest spots on the island. The oratory's origins are obscure. The bishop of Winchester's Registers for 1312 talk of a pre-existing chapel in need of repair, although local tradition attributes its founding to the wreck of the Ship of Blessed Mary in the following year. It is thought likely that the loss of this ship prompted a refounding of an existing chapel, with provision for a light on the tower as a guide to mariners. The surviving tower of this oratory has subsequently come to be seen as the finest example of a medieval lighthouse surviving in the UK. The hill and down are recorded as being important for grazing sheep in documents dating back to the 13th century. Further details about the landscape are recorded in a long-running dispute during the 16th century over the common rights thereon. These documents also record a marl pit as early as the 13th century. This continued to be used through into the early 20th century, removing considerable portions of the north and west sides of St Catherine's Hill. Other features on the down include various boundary banks. Comparison Knowles Farm & St Catherine's Hill and Down Historic Landscape Survey 5 CKC Archaeology between a good sequence of historic maps starting in 1774, show that these were probably created between c. 1840 and 1862, following the informal enclosure of the study area. The Knowles Farm property proved to be an area of archaeological and geological significance of national importance. The exceptional geology of the region known collectively as the Undercliff has had considerable influence on the equally remarkable archaeology of the area. Knowles Farm is situated at the widest point of the Undercliff, thus making it the most suitable for long term settlement. Archaeological discoveries indicate that the Undercliff was still forming between 2000 BC and 1000 BC. Gault Clay underlying the high inland cliff on the northern edge of this region, has caused massive periodic slippage. This has resulted in landscapes forming that are unique in the UK. The Knowles Farm estate contains some of the most exceptional examples of this spectacular landform. This process is activitely continuing. Considerable landslips have taken place in the last 200 years, and the loss of material over recent winters has been notable. Absence of archaeological material much before the Late Bronze Age anywhere on this part of the Undercliff suggests that permanent settlement dates largely from this period onwards. The abundance of middens discovered through coastal erosion, from this period onwards, suggested the area was rapidly and fully settled after about 1000 BC. The property can be divided into two roughly equal divisions, separated approximately along the line of the road leading to the lighthouse (St Catherine's Road). To the north are massive rocky outcrops, forming a landscape that would not be out of place in upland regions of the UK. This area was managed largely as upland grazing. South of the road the landscape tends to be flatter. Although there are some rocky outcrops, this forms a miniature coastal plain where mixed arable and grazing could have been practised. The two main settlements within the study area appear to have been on this flatter ground nearer the sea. There is considerable evidence of habitation from the late prehistoric, Roman and medieval periods eroding from the cliffs below the lighthouse, and for about 250m to the east. This was supplemented during this survey by the discovery of a human skeleton exposed by recent cliff collapse. Dating on this individual is still awaited. Despite apparent occupation of this site for over 1500 years, it seems to have been abandoned in the later medieval period when there appears to have been a slight shift of settlement inland to the present Knowles Farm site. Coastal erosion may have been one of the factors in this movement. The second major settlement was Pitlands Farm, thought to be sited near the shore on Watershoot Bay. Considerable quantities of medieval pottery have been collected from the eroding cliffs at Rocken End, on the west side of the stream called the Rocken Race. This suggests that the settlement here may once of been of some importance. By the early 17th century a farm called Pitlands is recorded here. This was farmed by the Blyth family. It was abandoned in spectacular fashion following a massive landslip in 1799, when about one hundred acres of land was said to have been destroyed by mud slides and other movements of earth emanating from unstable clays beneath Gore Cliff. There may have been another settlement under the cliff called Orde, which had been subsumed into Knowles Farm & St Catherine's Hill and Down Historic Landscape Survey 6 CKC Archaeology Pitlands Farm by the 17th century. It is possible that earlier slippage had caused the abandonment of this farmstead.