456 THE NAME XPI~TIANOt. THE meaning and derivation of the form Xptunavoc; seem hardly to have been so carefully discussed as the import­ ance of the word demands. The aim of the following observations is to show that the new name carried with it certain associations which would account for its origin and give a point to the witticism from which it is supposed to have sprung. We assume for the present that the name was given to the disciples of Christ by the pagan population of Antioch. The name so far recognised in the early Church had been the brethren (aoeA.cpot), the disciples (p,cL8rJml), those of the way (o£ Tf}c; oooii), the believers (o£ 71"£UT€UOVTf!c;), the called (oi KA.1JTol), the saints (o£ &.'Ytot), and, perhaps, we may add, as a designation bearing on the present dis­ cussion, those who are Christ's, or the men of Christ (ol XptuToii (1 Cor. v. 23). None of these names, however, was destined to be the permanent and distinguishing title of the community founded by Christ. St. Luke narrates the origin of the new name as follows : " They therefore that were scat­ tered abroad upon the tribulation that arose about Stephen travelled as far as Phamicia, and Cyprus, and Antioch, speaking the word to none save only to Jews. But there were some of them, men of Cyprus and Cyrene, who, when they were come to Antioch, spake unto the Greeks also, preaching the Lord Jesus. And the hand of the Lord was with them : and a great multitude that believed turned unto the Lord. And the report concerning them came to the ears of the Church which was in Jerusalem : and they sent forth Barnabas as far as Antioch; who, when he was come, and had seen the grace of God, was glad ; and he exhorted them all that with purpose of heart they would cleave unto the Lord: for he was a good man, and full THE NAME XPilTIANOl. 457 of the Holy Ghost and of faith: and much people was added unto the Lord. And he went forth to Tarsus to seek for Saul : and when he had found him, he brought him unto Antioch. And it came to pass, that even for a whole year they were gathered together with the Church, and taught much people ; and that the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch" (')(P'YJJJ-aTiuat T€ 1rpwTrJJ~ €v 'Avnoxeiq, ToV.~ p,a01]Ta~ Xptunavov~) Acts xi. 20-26. On these circumstances, in which the name of Christian originated, we remark, that the name was unknown to the Church in Jerusalem, and that St. Luke connects it with three important incidents in the progress of the Church, the :first of which is the communication of the Gospel to the Hellenists (v. 20); and, as we learn from the Epistle to the Galatians (ii. 12, 14, 15), to the Gentiles also in the densely populated city of Antioch, the capital of Syria. The second incident in connection with the imposition of the name of Christian is the arrival of Barnabas in Antioch, the powerful and persuasive preacher, as his name, vlo~ 7rapa"'A..jue(l)~. implies. St. Luke notes the fact of his preaching (7rape1Ca'A.et, v. 23) at Antioch, and makes it clear that the effect was considerable ("a£ 7rpoueT€0'YJ lJx'A.or; tiCavo~ nj) "vptrp), v. 24. By this time, therefore, the name of Christ and the existence of the community of believers would, doubtless, be widely known beyond the limits of the Church itself. It was at this crisis that Barnabas went to Tarsus to seek Saul-the third incident recorded by St. Luke in connection with the name of Christian. Saul was, we may be sure, in entire sympathy with the work which had been going on in Antioch. His presence would undoubtedly .give a great impulse to the process of conversion. His personality, his zeal, his ceaseless energy, would arrest attention, and draw crowds to listen, as afterwards in the cities of Galatia and Asia. 458 THE NAME XPI~TIANO~. The fame of the wonderful teacher would spread among the Gentiles to whom St. Paul felt himself bound by special commission to address himself. And though there would be esoteric teaching for the circle of believers, the Gospel would be freely preached to all who came to hear. We cannot doubt, therefore, that not only the name of Christ, but some of the leading words and arguments of the apostolic teaching would now be diffused among the proverbially witty citizens of Antioch, and made the sub­ ject of jesting allusion. Other instances of the kind occurred in the course ot St. Paul's preaching. At Philippi a poor slave girl caught up the word "salvation" (CTroT1Jpta) from the apostles' lips (Acts xvi. 17). At Thessalonica the preaching of the Messiah-King is distorted into a charge of treason (Acts xvii. 7). At Athens the keynote of the Apostle's preaching, the resurrection from the dead-~ avaCTTaG"t~ 1 -iS fastened upon as a fitting object for mockery (Acts xvii. 32). Now there are two topics which we may, with some confidence, assume to have been prominent in the teaching of St. Paul at Antioch: one, the proclamation of the kingdom of heaven, and of Christ as the King of that kingdom; the other, the representation of the life of discipleship as a warfare-the thought of the soldier of Christ. 1. The first of these topics was from the beginning a note of the preaching of the gospel. The voice crying in the wilderness was the voice of a royal herald. The ex­ pressions used in Luke iii. 4, 5 are appropriate to the victorious advance of a great king. And the Lord Jesus, at His coming, confirms the proclamation of His herald. He preached the gospel of the kingdom (Matt. iv. 23). And when, after His Resurrection, He discoursed with His disciples about the future of His Church, He is described as speaking to them of " the things pertaining to the THE NAME XPI~TIANO~. 459 kingdom of God" (Acts i. 3). The Lord's Prayer itself contained the words, and every believer prayed daily for .the realization of the kingdom of heaven. But to the pagan listener the terms /3atn'Aevr; and f3a(n?\eCa meant more than king and kingdom ; they meant emperor and empire. This is certainly the meaning of f3aut'Aea lupov in Acts xvii. 7 ; and in 1 Timothy ii. 2, 1nr€p /3aut'Aewv, and 1 Peter ii. 17 Tov f3aut'A€a npJiTe, the apostles are, of course, thinking of the Emperors Claudius or Nero. And the same usage is found in the later Greek historians. Consequently the words applied to Christ and His king­ dom would, if taken seriously, have a treasonable signi­ ficance (Acts loo. oit.); if otherwise taken, they would serve to point a jest, as in the cruel mockery of the Saviour by the soldiers of Herod (Luke xxiii. 11) or Pilate (Matt. xxvii. 30). 2. The conception of the religious life as a warfare, or campaign, is not found in the Old Testament writers ; and in the New Testament, though not confined to the Epistles of St. Paul, is more frequent with him than elsewhere, and is certainly a favourite Pauline mode of presenting the gospel. For instances of this, see 1 Timothy i. 18, z,a uTpaTevv T~v Ka'Ahv uTpautav (where the article perhaps implies the familiarity of the e.xpression) ; 1 Timothy vi. 12, a'Ywv{~ov TOV Ka'Aov lvywva Ti}<; 'lriUTEW<;; 2 Timothy ii. 3, wr; Ka"'A.or; uTpanwnJ<; Tquov XptuTov. In Colossians ii. 5 T~v TaEw and To uupewtJ-a are both military terms, "orderly array, and solid front" (Lightfoot). Compare also Acts xiii. 40, ouo£ ~uav TETWYfJ-EVot elr; ~wrw alwvwv; 1 Corinthians xiv. 8; 2 Corinthians x. 3, 4. If, then, a travesty of St. Paul's p:reaching presented to the Greek citizens of Antioch the picture of a rival Emperor, Christos, supporting his sovereignty by a military force of slaves, and Jews, and others of small account, a nickname tersely expressing the sense of ridicule would rapidly gro~ 460 THE NAME XPilTIANO:S. into popularity. Such a nickname we believe " Christiani " to have been, as we shall endeavour to show. The termination -avos-, or -tavos- is Latin rather than Greek. As a Greek termination it was used only in form­ ing derivatives from the names of cities, as ~apotavos-, :AryKupavos-; compare the similar form KvstK1Jvos- (Jelf. § 338 g.; Winer, part ii., § xvi.). A purely Greek formation would have given Xp£a-T€tot or Xpta-Tucot, like 'E7rtKoVp€tot, Autcovpry€tot, IIA.aTrovu<:ot, Llru.toa-8evtKoi. In Latin the termination -ianus or -anus is used chiefly in derivatives from proper names. The adjectives thus formed signify what belongs to a man or is named after him; e.g., ~milianus, Claudianus, Fabianus (Madvig, § 189; Roby, bk. iii. p. 308). From the nature of the case it follows that such deriva­ tives usually related to persons of distinction, who had a party attached to them; hence the adjectival nouns, Mariani, Cresariani, Pompeiani, Crassiani, Luculliani. Of these, it will be noted that the last two are nearest in form to Christiani. It will also be noted that the form became very suggestive of the soldiers or partizans of the great generals who rose to eminence in the closing days of the Republic. Compare Brutianre Cassianreque Partes, Vellei.