STATE OF CALIFORNIA • DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ADA Notice For individuals with sensory disabilities, this document is available in alternate TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE formats. For alternate format information, contact the Forms Management Unit TR0003 (REV 10/98) at (916) 445-1233, TTY 711, or write to Records and Forms Management, 1120 N Street, MS-89, Sacramento, CA 95814. 1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATION NUMBER 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER CA16-2888 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE Bus Transit Operational Efficiency Resulting from Passenger Boardings at Park-and-Ride Facilities August 2016 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. John S. Niles, M.S. and J.M. Pogodzinski, Ph.D. MTI Report 12-60 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NUMBER Mineta Transportation Institute College of Business 3762 San José State University 11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER San José, CA 95192-0219 65A0499 TO 1.1.7 12. SPONSORING AGENCY AND ADDRESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED California Department of Transportation Final Report Division of Research, Innovation and Systems Information (DRISI) MS-83, PO Box 942873 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE Sacramento, CA 94273-0001 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 16. ABSTRACT In order to save time and money by not driving to an ultimate destination, some urban commuters drive themselves a few miles to specially designated parking lots built for transit customers and located where trains or buses stop. The focus of this paper is the effect Park-and-Ride (P&R) lots have on the efficiency of bus transit as measured in five bus transit systems in the western U.S. This study describes a series of probes with models and data to find objective P&R influence measures that, when combined with other readily-available data, permit a quantitative assessment of the significance of P&R on transit efficiency. The authors developed and describe techniques that examine P&R as an influence on transit boardings at bus stops and on bus boardings along an entire route. 17. KEY WORDS 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Public transportation; bus public transit; park-and-ride; multimodal No restrictions. This document is available to the public through facilities; geographic information systems The National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION (of this report) 20. NUMBER OF PAGES 21. COST OF REPORT CHARGED Unclassified 100 None. Reproduction of completed page authorized. DISCLAIMER STATEMENT This document is disseminated in the interest of information exchange. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the State of California or the Federal Highway Administration. This publication does not constitute a standard, specification or regulation. This report does not constitute an endorsement by the Department of any product described herein. For individuals with sensory disabilities, this document is available in alternate formats. For information, call (916) 654-8899, TTY 711, or write to California Department of Transportation, Division of Research, Innovation and System Information, MS-83, P.O. Box 942873, Sacramento, CA 94273-0001. MTI Funded by U.S. Department of Services Transit Census California of Water 2012 Transportation and California Bus Transit Operational Department of Transportation Efficiency Resulting from Passenger Boardings at Park-and-Ride Facilities MTI ReportMTI 12-02 December 2012 MTI Report 12-60 MINETA TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE MTI FOUNDER LEAD UNIVERSITY OF MNTRC Hon. Norman Y. Mineta The Mineta Transportation Institute (MTI) was established by Congress in 1991 as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation MTI/MNTRC BOARD OF TRUSTEES Equity Act (ISTEA) and was reauthorized under the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st century (TEA-21). MTI then successfully competed to be named a Tier 1 Center in 2002 and 2006 in the Safe,Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act:A Founder, Honorable Norman Joseph Boardman (Ex-Officio) Diane Woodend Jones (TE 2019) Richard A. White (Ex-Officio) Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). Most recently, MTI successfully competed in the Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2011 to Mineta (Ex-Officio) Chief Executive Officer Principal and Chair of Board Interim President and CEO Secretary (ret.), US Department of Amtrak Lea+Elliot, Inc. American Public Transportation be named a Tier 1 Transit-Focused University Transportation Center. The Institute is funded by Congress through the United States Transportation Association (APTA) Department of Transportation’s Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology (OST-R), University Transportation Vice Chair Anne Canby (TE 2017) Will Kempton (TE 2019) Hill & Knowlton, Inc. Director Executive Director Bud Wright (Ex-Officio) Centers Program, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), and by private grants and donations. OneRail Coalition Transportation California Executive Director Honorary Chair, Honorable Bill American Association of State The Institute receives oversight from an internationally respected Board of Trustees whose members represent all major surface Shuster (Ex-Officio) Donna DeMartino (TE 2018) Art Leahy (TE 2018) Highway and Transportation Officials Chair General Manager and CEO CEO (AASHTO) transportation modes. MTI’s focus on policy and management resulted from a Board assessment of the industry’s unmet needs House Transportation and San Joaquin Regional Transit District Metrolink and led directly to the choice of the San José State University College of Business as the Institute’s home. The Board provides Infrastructure Committee Edward Wytkind (Ex-Officio) United States House of William Dorey (TE 2017) Jean-Pierre Loubinoux (Ex-Officio) President policy direction, assists with needs assessment, and connects the Institute and its programs with the international transportation Representatives Board of Directors Director General Transportation Trades Dept., community. Granite Construction, Inc. International Union of Railways AFL-CIO Honorary Co-Chair, Honorable (UIC) Peter DeFazio (Ex-Officio) Malcolm Dougherty (Ex-Officio) MTI’s transportation policy work is centered on three primary responsibilities: Vice Chair Director Abbas Mohaddes (TE 2018) (TE) = Term Expiration or Ex-Officio House Transportation and California Department of CEO * = Past Chair, Board of Trustee Infrastructure Committee Transportation The Mohaddes Group United States House of Research Representatives Mortimer Downey* (TE 2018) Jeff Morales (TE 2019) MTI works to provide policy-oriented research for all levels of sity system. With the active assistance of the California President CEO Chair, Nuria Fernandez Mort Downey Consulting, LLC California High-Speed Rail Authority government and the private sector to foster the development Department of Transportation, MTI delivers its classes over (TE 2017) of optimum surface transportation systems. Research areas in­ a state-of-the-art videoconference network throughout General Manager and CEO Rose Guilbault (TE 2017) Beverley Swaim-Staley (TE 2019) Valley Transportation Board Member President clude: transportation security; planning and policy development; the state of California and via webcasting beyond, allowing Authority Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Union Station Redevelopment interrelationships among transportation, land use, and the working transportation professionals to pursue an advanced Board (Caltrain) Corporation Vice Chair, Grace Crunican environment; transportation finance; and collaborative labor- degree regardless of their location. To meet the needs of (TE 2019) Ed Hamberger (Ex-Officio) Michael Townes* (TE 2017) management relations. Certified Research Associates conduct employers seeking a diverse workforce, MTI’s education General Manager President/CEO President Bay Area Rapid Transit District Association of American Railroads Michael S. Townes, LLC the research. Certification requires an advanced degree, gener­ program promotes enrollment to under-represented groups. ally a Ph.D., a record of academic publications, and profession­ Executive Director, Steve Heminger* (TE 2018) Marlene Turner, Ph.D. (Ex-Officio) al references. Research projects culminate in a peer-reviewed Information and Technology Transfer Karen Philbrick, Ph.D. Executive Director Interim Dean, College of Business Mineta Transportation Institute Metropolitan Transportation San José State University publication, available both in hardcopy and on TransWeb, MTI promotes the availability of completed research to San José State University Commission the MTI website (http://transweb.sjsu.edu). professional organizations and journals and works to integrate the research findings into the graduate education Education program. In addition to publishing the studies, the Institute Directors The educational goal of the Institute is to provide graduate-lev­ also sponsors symposia to disseminate research results el education to students seeking a career in the development to transportation professionals and encourages Research and operation of surface transportation programs. MTI, through Associates to present their findings at conferences. The Karen Philbrick, Ph.D. Hilary Nixon, Ph.D. Ben Tripousis Executive Director Research and Technology National High-Speed Rail Connectivity Center World in Motion,