Journal of World Philosophies Intellectual Journeys/161 Philosophical Journey: Bridging the Gap _________________________________________ J. L. SHAW Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand ([email protected]) Throughout my philosophical journey, I have tried to bridge the gap between contemporary western philosophy and the analytical traditions of the Indian philosophical systems, especially Navya-Nyāya. Hence my aim has been to promote a dialogue between these two traditions where each can derive insights from the other. I have focused on new or better solutions to some contemporary problems of epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, as well as global issues, and think Indian philosophy can be integrated with current western philosophy, adding a new dimension to global culture and understanding. Key words: Indian philosophy; Navya-Nyāya; Buddhism; Sāṃkhya; sources of knowledge; philosophy of language My philosophical development goes back to my childhood in Kolkata, where I had teachers such as Mr. Shyamapada Sen, who were well-versed in Indian literature and scriptures, including the Bhagavad-Gītā. I read Indian scriptures and engaged with philosophers and writers such as Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, and Sri Aurobindo. Through them, I had questions such as, “What is the nature of ultimate reality? What is the meaning of life? What are the goals of life? Is there any afterlife or God? What is the nature of Brahman?” Both at postgraduate and undergraduate levels, I used to discuss philosophical problems—such as the momentariness of Buddhism, the nature of Brahman, causation, perception, theories of truth and error, Kant’s conception of self or categories—with teachers such as Gopinath Bhattacharya, Pravas Jiban Choudhury, Naresh Chandra Chakraborty, Pranab Kumar Sen, Bimal Krishna Matilal, and Jitendra Nath Mohanty. They encouraged me to develop my thoughts to incorporate the views of western philosophers, such as Kant, Hegel, and Bradley, and the Indian philosophers such as Saṃkara and the followers of the Nyāya. I was also interested in the meanings of metaphysical utterances, such as “God exists” or “God does not exist.” In this context I would like to mention that my father passed away when I was a high school student in Kolkata. During this time, it was a struggle for both my family and myself. We were passing through abject poverty, sometimes without food or electricity, but my spirit was guided by the beacon light of masters like Vivekananda and the hope of words from the poet P.S. Shelly, “If the winter comes, can spring be far behind?” For the basic necessities of life, I used to teach children. While I was teaching at Jadavpur University (Kolkata) in 1962, I attended the classes of Professor Sibajiban Bhattacharya on symbolic logic at the Indian Academy of Philosophy and studied with him the views of analytic philosophers and semanticists such as Alfred Tarski. I was asked to write a paper on Bertrand Russell’s theory of definite descriptions for Journal of the Philosophical Association in 1964. A critique of a paper published in the same journal, it set the stage for my dissertation topic “Some Logical Problems Concerning Existence,” which included not only a long section on definite descriptions, but also sections on the nature of existence, subject and predicate, and whether existence is a predicate. All the problems discussed in my dissertation, directly and indirectly, related to the questions of existence. Hence some of my earlier questions were discussed from the perspective of western analytical tradition. I am _______________ Journal of World Philosophies 4 (Summer 2019): 161-172 Copyright © 2019 Jay Shaw. e-ISSN: 2474-1795 • http://scholarworks.iu.edu/iupjournals/index.php/jwp • doi: 10.2979/jourworlphil.4.1.09 Journal of World Philosophies Intellectual Journeys/162 grateful to my late supervisor Professor Carlo Giannoni for his continual support and encouragement. My dissertation created a forum for the development of my thoughts on comparative and Indian philosophy, which were not familiar to western academics at that time, although there was a continuity in my thought with the metaphysical questions that originated from within the framework of Anglo-American philosophy. My dissertation focused on logic or systems of logic, philosophy of language, epistemology, as well as ontology. Moreover, it tried to resolve some of the conflicting views through a range of levels or uses of terms or propositions in different contexts. Hence, from the dawn of my philosophical journey the aim was not to side with a particular view, but to look for the solutions to conflicting views, and thereby restore different perspectives in diverse traditions of philosophy. Hence, I introduced several definitions of existence, uses of terms or propositions, and levels or types of subject and predicate in my discussion. I completed my PhD at Rice University, Houston, in two years with a lot of hard work and dedication. I was then asked to take a job teaching in the United States, as my scholarship was for three years at Rice University, in addition to the Fulbright travel grant. I am very grateful to my French Professor Hodges, who taught me French every day for about an hour and a half, so that I could take the exam in two months. My background in German also helped me in passing the German exam, another requirement for the PhD in philosophy. My teaching at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels at Jadavpur University aided me in the courses I had, as well as the comprehensive exam required for the PhD program. When I applied for a job, I received three offers and accepted the one from the University of Alabama, although it was for only one year. I taught several courses, including logic, philosophical logic, and contemporary philosophy. I was requested to offer a course on Indian philosophy in 1970 after my dissertation at Rice University, in order to remove the misconception that Indian philosophy is not distinct from religion. During my teaching period in India, the USA, and New Zealand—at Victoria University of Wellington, where I taught for more than 42 years—I focused on the consequences of a view on our life, society, or the world at large. I also focused on contemporary problems, such as pragmatism and its application to morality. At the University of Alabama, students approached the president of the university for the continuation of my teaching. The then chairperson Irdell Jenkins offered me a tenure-track position, which I could not accept as I had a Fulbright grant. He was kind enough to approach a senator and a congressman to see if the restrictions on Fulbright scholarships could be waived. Since my work was not related to physics or US defence, he found that the restrictions could not be waived. Hence, I was advised to look for a job in Canada so that I could take up a position at Alabama after two years. In the meantime, I got a permanent position from Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand, which I was advised to accept. I joined Victoria University in the September of 1970. In December 1971, I visited India and got married to Shipra Bhattacharya, a nursing tutor, whose family migrated from East Pakistan (currently called “Bangladesh”) and was known to my teachers Shyamapada Sen and Professor Pranab Kumar Sen. Our daughter Natalie, who is now a lawyer, was born in 1975. Here at Victoria University of Wellington Professor Max Creswell and the then chairperson, Professor George Hughes, encouraged me to publish in the area of comparative philosophy and logic. I presented several papers both in the seminar of the philosophy department and the logic group, in addition to conferences in New Zealand and overseas. My peer-reviewed or editor-reviewed papers, “Empty Terms: the Nyāya and the Buddhist,” “Subject and Predicate,” “The Nyāya on Existence,” “Knowability and Nameability,” “Negation and the Buddhist Theory of Meaning,” were published in the Journal of Indian Philosophy.1 I also presented _______________ Journal of World Philosophies 4 (Summer 2019): 161-172 Copyright © 2019 Jay Shaw. e-ISSN: 2474-1795 • http://scholarworks.iu.edu/iupjournals/index.php/jwp • doi: 10.2979/jourworlphil.4.1.09 Journal of World Philosophies Intellectual Journeys/163 papers at logic conferences. My paper “Number: From Frege-Russell to Nyāya”2 was published in Studia Logica, Poland, and several abstracts in the Journal of Symbolic Logic.3 Through a range of activities, I tried to remove misunderstandings about Indian philosophy and logic. Towards the end of the seventies, I invited Professor S. Bhattacharya and Professor B. K. Matilal to give a few lectures in my course on contemporary philosophy at Victoria University, as our department had a visiting position. My journey took a concrete shape as I pointed out that it is not enough to translate the texts of Indian philosophers with commentaries into English, or to compare an Indian philosopher, such as Saṃkara, with Hegel or Bradley. We have to demonstrate the relevance of Indian philosophy to certain problems or questions, especially the contemporary discussion on epistemology and philosophy of language, so that it could be integrated with contemporary western analytical philosophy. With this end in view, Professor Matilal and I submitted the proposal for the volume Analytical Philosophy in Comparative Perspective.4 My paper “Some Reflections on Kripke,” published in Logique et Analyse,5 set the scene for contemporary discussion on the problems of philosophy of language, including proper names, definite descriptions, and dichotomies such as necessary-contingent. In this paper, I focussed on Kripke’s criticism of philosophers such as Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein, Searle, and Strawson, as well as on other scholars’ views of Kripke. As time went on, my mind was occupied with contemporary problems, which were later discussed using the perspective of Indian systems, especially the Nyāya, for better solutions.