Coral Reefs DOI 10.1007/s00338-007-0331-x REPORT Characterization and management of the commercial sector of the Pohnpei coral reef fishery, Micronesia K. L. Rhodes Æ M. H. Tupper Æ C. B. Wichilmel Received: 13 August 2007 / Accepted: 12 October 2007 Ó Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract Commercial coral reef fisheries in Pohnpei depressed market prices appear to be catalyzing (potential (Micronesia) extract approximately 1,521 kg of reef fish or realized) overfishing by increasing the volume of fish daily (*500 MT year-1) from 152 km2 of surrounding needed to offset rising fuel prices. These results support the reef. More than 153 species were represented during sur- need for comprehensive fisheries management that pro- veys, with 25 species very common or common within duces sustainable fishing and marketing practices and combined-gear catch. Acanthurids contributed the greatest promotes shared management and enforced responsibilities to catch volume, with bluespine unicornfish, Naso uni- between communities and the state. To be effective, cornis, and orangespine unicornfish, Naso lituratus, among management should prohibit nighttime spearfishing. the most frequently observed herbivores. Nighttime spearfishing was the dominant fishing method and inner Keywords Coral reef fishery Á lagoon areas were primarily targeted. A seasonal sales ban Precautionary management Á Spearfishing Á (March–April), intended to reduce pressure on reproduc- Marine protected areas Á Micronesia tively active serranids, significantly increased the capture volume of other families. Catch was significantly greater during periods of low lunar illumination, suggesting higher Introduction fishing success or greater effort, or both. The marketed catch was dominated by juveniles and small adults, based Many tropical Pacific communities are dependent on on fishes of known size at sexual maturity. Artificially marine resources from coral reef and nearshore environ- ments as a primary source of protein and income (Munro 1996), with the loss of these resources substantially Communicated by Biology Editor M.I. McCormick. impacting food security and socio-economic structure Electronic supplementary material The online version of this (Sadovy 2004). While the main impact typically attributed article (doi:10.1007/s00338-007-0331-x) contains supplementary to coral reef environments is human disturbance from material, which is available to authorized users. fishing (Polunin and Roberts 1996), sedimentation, pollu- tion, and global climate change are also playing increasing K. L. Rhodes (&) College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource roles (Hughes et al. 2003; Victor et al. 2006; Wilson et al. Management, The University of Hawaii at Hilo, 2006). Unfortunately, the pace of our understanding of 200 W. Kawili St, Hilo, HI 96720, USA human effects on coral reef habitats and associated e-mail: [email protected]; organisms is considerably slower than the rate of distur- [email protected] bance, thereby creating a dilemma for marine resource M. H. Tupper managers and biologists tasked with offsetting or pre- The WorldFish Center, P.O. Box 500 GPO, venting resource loss. To further complicate matters, most 10670 Penang, Malaysia developing Pacific tropical communities are resource lim- C. B. Wichilmel ited, thereby reducing their ability to document, monitor, P.O. Box PS-46, Palikir 96941, Pohnpei, FSM manage or enforce marine resources and the impacts to 123 Coral Reefs them (Adams et al. 1997; Zeller et al. 2006b), which often project was also developed to assess the fishing methods occur along substantial expanses of coastline. In many and areas affected by fishing, and include data on the Pacific island communities, including Micronesia, the demography of the commercial fishing community. The negative impacts to reefs have also been accelerated by the project provided a detailed examination of the effects of a move from a barter system to a cash economy, greater 2-month serranid sales ban from a market perspective and access and improvements to gear, and a post-colonial shift its relative impacts on serranids and other families within from traditionally managed to openly accessed reefs the coral reef fishery, since market-based management has (Ruddle 1996; Gillet and Moy 2006). Finally, there are been touted as an effective management strategy in the inherent complexities within many tropical communities state (e.g., Rhodes et al. 2005). All of the above objec- between state authorities and local clan- or tribal-based tives were conducted to identify potential problems that communities, and even among clans, for ownership, are or could threaten the fishery and assess whether management, and enforcement rights (Dahl 1997). To improvements to management or changes from within the effectively protect the vital marine resources that these fishery were needed. communities depend upon, there is a need to assist marine resource agencies in documenting and monitoring impacts to coral reef ecosystems and facilitate, through observa- Materials and methods tions and recommendations, workable management solutions. Pohnpei (07°000 N, 158°150 E) is part of the Caroline Islands In Pohnpei (Federated States of Micronesia), ongoing Archipelago and is the second most populous of four states efforts over the past decade to document the life history in the Federated States of Micronesia. The state is comprised strategies and impacts of fishing on locally and regionally of the high island (791 m) of Pohnpei Island (hereafter, important coral reef fish species have resulted in improved Pohnpei) and eight surrounding, and widely distributed management (Rhodes and Sadovy 2002a). Recent studies atolls within the central Pacific Ocean that combine for in Pohnpei have included investigations of the reproductive 345.2 km2 of total land area and 858.2 km2 of lagoon. In dynamics and life history of squaretail coralgrouper contrast to the outer atolls, several rivers and steams (Plectropomus areolatus) and camouflage grouper (Epi- emanate from Pohnpei’s higher elevations to distribute nephelus polyphekadion) at (fish) spawning aggregation *800 cm year-1 of precipitation into the mangrove-lined sites (FSA) to determine the effectiveness of an existing and barrier reef-surrounded lagoon (Fig. 1). FSA-based marine protected area (MPA) and a seasonal Within Pohnpei, Kolonia (Nett Municipality) serves as serranid sales ban that covers a portion of the known the economic and transportation hub for the state, the seat spawning season (Rhodes and Sadovy 2002a, b). More of the local and state government and a center of coral reef recently, a market analysis of impacts to locally fished fish market activities. Approximately 94% of the state’s serranids was performed as a sub-component of the current 35,000 residents live on Pohnpei and are distributed among study to further analyze life history component of square- five municipalities (Pohnpei State Government 1996; tail coralgrouper and examine the effects of the serranid Federated States of Micronesia 2002). Fifty-four percent of sales ban on other species (Rhodes and Tupper 2007). the population is unemployed, while 11.1% of the total Recent rapid environmental assessments of corals and coral workforce (15+ years of age) is dedicated to agriculture or reef fishes have also been conducted to assist conservation fishing, including a combined total of 756 commercial and efforts and two general resource inventories were com- 1,408 subsistence farmers and fishers.1 Forty-seven percent pleted in the 1980s. While each of these has provided of the state’s commercial farmers/fishers and 19.1% of all general insight into the composition of the coral reef subsistence farmers/fishers reside in Kitti Municipality, community, and some have resulted in specific manage- followed by 16.5% each of commercial and subsistence ment improvements, there has been no detailed inves- farmers/fishers in Uh, with lesser proportions elsewhere in tigation of the commercial or subsistence sectors of the Pohnpei. coral reef fishery that could be used to improve fisheries Fisheries management in Pohnpei currently includes a management, a common problem among Pacific island March–April sales ban on all serranids and nine permanent communities (e.g., Sadovy 2004; Gillett and Moy 2006; marine protected areas, including the Kehpara Marine Zeller et al. 2006b). Sanctuary (Fig. 1) that protects the largest recorded spawn- The objectives of the current study were to document ing aggregations of squaretail coralgrouper, P. areolatus, aspects of the Pohnpei coral reef fishery that could serve camouflage grouper, E. polyphekadion, and brown-marbled as a baseline inventory of commercially targeted coral reef fishes and provide insights into the relative volumes 1 State and federal statistics combine farmers and fishers into one of families and species contributing to the fishery. The statistic, such that the total number of subsistence fishers is unknown. 123 Coral Reefs chosen for sampling were based on an initial island-wide o E158 15' survey of the number and distribution of markets, with selected markets, representing *75% of all markets operating, sampled 5–7 days per week between 0700 and N 1200 hours when fishers typically land catch. Sample times were based on observations of peak fisher and market activity during prior research (1998–2005) and interviews Nett with marine resource personnel. All major markets were N7o00 7o00N sampled, while smaller or infrequently operating outlying markets were sampled rarely or