Chapter 17: Cultural Heritage URS-EIA-REP-202375 Table of Contents 17 Cultural Heritage ...................................................................................... 17-1 17.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 17-1 17.2 Scoping ............................................................................................................ 17-2 17.3 Spatial and Temporal Boundaries ........................................................................ 17-4 17.3.1 Terrestrial Cultural Heritage Study and Survey Areas ............................... 17-4 17.3.2 Marine Cultural Heritage Study and Survey Areas ................................... 17-5 17.4 Baseline Data .................................................................................................. 17-21 17.4.1 Methodology and Data ........................................................................ 17-21 17.4.2 Secondary Data .................................................................................. 17-21 17.4.2.1 Desk-based Research .................................................................. 17-21 17.4.2.2 Reporting Methodology ............................................................... 17-23 17.4.2.3 Stakeholder Engagement ............................................................. 17-23 17.4.3 Data Gaps .......................................................................................... 17-25 17.4.4 Primary Data/Baseline Surveys ............................................................ 17-26 17.4.4.1 Terrestrial Surveys ...................................................................... 17-27 17.4.4.2 Marine Surveys and Analysis ........................................................ 17-29 17.4.5 Data Assumptions and Limitations ....................................................... 17-32 17.4.6 Baseline Characteristics ....................................................................... 17-33 17.4.6.1 Overview .................................................................................... 17-33 17.4.6.2 Terrestrial Overview .................................................................... 17-35 17.4.6.3 Maritime Overview ...................................................................... 17-36 17.4.7 Archaeological and Historical Context – Terrestrial and Marine ............... 17-37 17.4.7.1 Palaeolithic Period (c. 2,000,000 to 12,000 BP) ............................. 17-37 17.4.7.2 Mesolithic Period (c. 10,000 to 6800 BC) ....................................... 17-38 17.4.7.3 Neolithic Period (c. 6800 to c.5000 BC) ......................................... 17-38 17.4.7.4 Eneolithic / Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Period (c. 5000 to c.3200 BC) ....... .................................................................................................. 17-39 17.4.7.5 Bronze Age (c. 3200 to 1100 BC) ................................................. 17-41 17.4.7.6 Iron Age (c. 1100 BC to AD 200) .................................................. 17-43 17.4.7.7 Antiquity (c. 700 BC to AD 395) ................................................... 17-44 17.4.7.8 Medieval Period (AD 395 to 1396) ................................................ 17-47 17.4.7.9 Post-Medieval Period (1396 to 1878) ............................................ 17-49 17.4.7.10 Modern Period (1878 to present) ................................................ 17-50 17.4.7.11 Uncertain Date .......................................................................... 17-52 17.4.7.12 Further Studies.......................................................................... 17-53 17.4.8 Intangible Cultural Heritage................................................................. 17-54 17.4.9 Baseline Summary .............................................................................. 17-57 17.4.10 Baseline Conditions – Terrestrial ........................................................ 17-61 17.4.10.1 Baseline Conditions - Marine ...................................................... 17-62 17.4.10.2 Objects within the Zone of Potential Influence–Marine ................. 17-63 17.4.10.3 Objects outside the Zone of Potential Influence but within the Survey Area – Marine ............................................................................................ 17-63 URS-EIA-REP-202375 i Chapter 17 Cultural Heritage 17.4.10.4 Objects within the Anchoring Spread Area .................................. 17-63 17.4.11 Critical Cultural Heritage .................................................................... 17-64 17.4.12 Palaeontological Heritage .................................................................. 17-64 17.5 Impact Assessment ......................................................................................... 17-65 17.5.1 Impact Assessment Methodology ......................................................... 17-65 17.5.1.1 National Legislation ..................................................................... 17-65 17.5.1.2 International Agreements ............................................................ 17-66 17.5.1.3 Standards and Guidelines for Financing ........................................ 17-69 17.5.2 Impact Assessment Criteria ................................................................. 17-70 17.5.2.1 Receptor Sensitivity ..................................................................... 17-70 17.5.2.2 Impact Assessment Methodology. ................................................ 17-74 17.5.2.3 Impact Magnitude Criteria ........................................................... 17-78 17.5.2.4 Impact Significance ..................................................................... 17-80 17.5.3 Assessment of Potential Impacts: All Phases ........................................ 17-81 17.5.3.1 Impact Sources ........................................................................... 17-81 17.5.3.2 Project Design Controls ............................................................... 17-85 17.5.3.3 Assessment of Potential Impacts (Pre-mitigation) .......................... 17-88 17.5.3.4 BG-TCH-001 – Late Antique basilica/monastery of St. Elias ............ 17-90 17.5.3.5 BG-TCH-004 – Possible Foundations of a Limestone Structure ........ 17-91 17.5.3.6 Terrestrial Cultural Heritage: Unknown Sites, Isolated Sites and Chance Finds ................................................................................................ 17-92 17.5.3.7 BS_606– Wooden Boat Wreck Site, approximately 175 m water depth (20th century) ............................................................................................ 17-92 17.5.3.8 BS_576 / BS_S0009– Wooden Shipwreck Site, Approximately 135 m Water Depth (18th to 20th century)............................................................. 17-93 17.5.3.9 BS_602 – Potential CHO Site........................................................ 17-93 17.5.3.10 BS_S0114 – Potential CHO Site .................................................. 17-94 17.6 Mitigation and Monitoring ................................................................................ 17-95 17.6.1 Mitigation Measures – Construction and Pre-Commissioning Phase ........ 17-98 17.6.2 Mitigation Measures – Commissioning and Operational Phase .............. 17-100 17.6.3 Monitoring Requirements .................................................................. 17-101 17.7 Residual Impact Assessment .......................................................................... 17-102 17.7.1 Terrestrial Cultural Heritage ............................................................... 17-102 17.7.2 Marine Cultural Heritage .................................................................... 17-103 17.7.3 Summary of Cultural Heritage Residual Impact ................................... 17-105 17.8 Unplanned Events ......................................................................................... 17-117 17.9 Cumulative Impacts ....................................................................................... 17-117 17.10 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 17-117 ii URS-EIA-REP-202375 Tables Table 17.1 Summary of Spatial Boundaries – Terrestrial and Marine .................................... 17-6 Table 17.2 Terrestrial Cultural Heritage Studies ................................................................ 17-28 Table 17.3 Marine Surveys .............................................................................................. 17-30 Table 17.4 Marine Cultural Heritage Data Analysis ............................................................ 17-31 Table 17.5 Timeline of the Western Black Sea Region ....................................................... 17-33 Table 17.6 Terrestrial and Marine Cultural Heritage Receptors in the Project Area .............. 17-57 Table 17.7 Cultural Heritage Objects Identified by Marine Survey Area .............................. 17-63 Table 17.8 Summary of Relevant International Agreements .............................................. 17-66 Table 17.9 Cultural Heritage Receptor Sensitivity .............................................................. 17-71 Table 17.10 Terrestrial Cultural Heritage Receptor Sensitivities .......................................... 17-75 Table 17.11 Marine Cultural Heritage Receptor Sensitivities (Zone of Influence) ................. 17-76 Table 17.12 Marine Cultural Heritage