Environmental Assessment Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge Hunt Plan May 2019 Prepared by David Farmer, Dan McDonald, Lynn Cartmell Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge Indiahoma, OK Table of Contents 1.0 Purpose and Need ..................................................................................................................... 4 Proposed Action .......................................................................................................................... 4 Background ................................................................................................................................. 4 Purpose and Need for the Proposed Action ................................................................................ 7 2.0 Alternatives ............................................................................................................................... 7 Alternatives Considered .............................................................................................................. 7 Alternative A – Current Management [No Action Alternative] ............................................. 7 Alternative B – Open Waterfowl, Wild Turkey, Feral Hog, and Coyote Hunting with Minor Changes to Big Game Hunting – [Proposed Action Alternative] ........................................... 8 Mitigation Measures to Avoid Conflicts..................................................................................... 8 3.0 Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences ....................................................... 9 Affected Environment ................................................................................................................. 9 Environmental Consequences of the Action ............................................................................. 10 Cumulative Impact Analysis ..................................................................................................... 10 Affected Natural Resources and Anticipated Impacts of the No Action and Proposed Action Alternatives ............................................................................................................................... 11 Hunted Species – Rocky Mountain Elk ................................................................................ 11 Hunted Species – White-tailed Deer ..................................................................................... 12 Hunted Species – Feral Hog ................................................................................................. 13 Hunted Species – Coyote ...................................................................................................... 14 Hunted Species – Waterfowl ................................................................................................ 15 Hunted Species – Wild Turkey ............................................................................................. 16 Other Wildlife and Aquatic Species ..................................................................................... 17 Threatened and Endangered Species and other Special Status Species ................................ 18 Vegetation ............................................................................................................................. 18 Geology and Soils ................................................................................................................. 19 Air Quality ............................................................................................................................ 20 Water Resources ................................................................................................................... 20 Wilderness and Special Designation Areas .......................................................................... 21 2 Affected Visitor Use and Experience Resources and Anticipated Impacts of the No Action and Proposed Action Alternatives ................................................................................................... 22 Visitor Use and Experience .................................................................................................. 22 Affected Cultural Resources and Anticipated Impacts of the No Action and Proposed Action Alternatives ............................................................................................................................... 23 Cultural Resources ................................................................................................................ 23 Affected Refuge Management and Operations Resources and Anticipated Impacts of the No Action and Proposed Action Alternatives................................................................................. 24 Refuge Management and Operations .................................................................................... 24 Affected Socioeconomic Resources and Anticipated Impacts of the No Action and Proposed Action Alternatives ................................................................................................................... 25 Socioeconomics .................................................................................................................... 25 Climate Change ..................................................................................................................... 26 Environmental Justice ........................................................................................................... 26 Indian Trust Resources ......................................................................................................... 27 Humaneness and Animal Welfare Concerns ........................................................................ 27 Anticipated Cumulative Impacts of the No Action and Proposed Action Alternatives ........... 27 Natural Resources ................................................................................................................. 27 Visitor Use and Experience .................................................................................................. 30 Cultural Resources ................................................................................................................ 31 Refuge Management and Operations .................................................................................... 31 Socioeconomics .................................................................................................................... 31 Summary of Analysis ................................................................................................................ 32 Monitoring ................................................................................................................................ 34 List of Sources, Agencies, and Persons Consulted ................................................................... 35 References ................................................................................................................................. 35 Determination ........................................................................................................................... 38 Appendix 1 .................................................................................................................................... 39 Attachment 1 – Refuge Hunt Map ................................................................................................ 41 3 Environmental Assessment for Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge Hunt Plan This Environmental Assessment (EA) is being prepared to evaluate the effects associated with this proposed action and complies with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) in accordance with Council on Environmental Quality regulations (40 CFR 1500-1509) and Department of the Interior (43 CFR 46; 516 DM 8) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (550 FW 3) regulations and policies. NEPA requires examination of the effects of proposed actions on the natural and human environment. 1.0 Purpose and Need Proposed Action The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) is proposing to open hunting opportunities for waterfowl (ducks, geese, coots), wild turkey, and the incidental take of coyote, and feral hogs while maintaining existing opportunities for white-tailed deer and elk on the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge (WR or refuge) in accordance with the refuge’s 2018 Hunt Plan and Comprehensive Conservation Plan (2013). The refuge developed a new 2018 hunt plan, replacing the refuge’s current 1984 Hunt Plan, and proposes to open approximately 20,922 acres to duck, coot, geese, and wild turkey hunting and allow the harvest of feral hogs and coyotes during refuge controlled hunts. The refuge seeks the addition of these species to provide additional opportunities for sportsmen, and to more closely align the hunting program with Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation (ODWC) regulations. This proposed action is often iterative and evolves over time during the process as the agency refines its proposal and learns more from the public, tribes, and other agencies. Therefore, the final proposed action may be different from the original. The final decision on the proposed action will be made at the conclusion of the public comment period for the EA and the Draft 2019–2020 Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge Hunting Regulations. Background National wildlife refuges are guided by the mission and goals of the National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS), the purposes of an individual refuge, Service policy, and laws and international