UTE ACCULTURAWOH AN 33- MARY ADAPTATION Thus for tho Dogs-u cf M. A. MICHEGAN STATE COLLEGE 3am‘rico Medicine Gamer 3954- This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Ute Acculturation and Dietary Adaptation" presented by Beatrice P1. Garner has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for MA . degree in Sociology 8: AnthrOpology W Major professor Date March 16, 1955 0-169 UTE ACCUETURATION AND DIETARY'ADmPTATION by Beatrice Medicine garner A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements .for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Sociology and Anthropology 1951: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many people to whom I am indebted. Dr. Solon T. Kimball of Columbia University first interested me in this area of human relations and has since encouraged my interests in Social Anthropology. Dr. Florence Hauley Ellis of the University of New Mexico provided valuable instruction both in the classroom and in the field in the tech- niques of.Archaeology and Ethnology. Professor Kenneth.Tiedke of Michigan State College has offered pertinent suggestions and a general re-focusing of the problem. Dr. John Useem and Dr. Ruth Hill Useem have been most helpful in discussions relevant to this problem. Dr. Paul A. Miller of Michigan State College gave generously of his time in the direction of the thesis in its final stage. To all these persons, I wish to express my appreciation and my gratitude for their encouragement and guidance. I also wish to thank my husband, James C. Garner, for his under- standing and encouragement. The John Hay'Whitnqy Foundation and the Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs generously contributed financial aid for which I am grate- ffix1, Beatrice Medicine Garner ii 35064 8 .‘dCc‘. _ THESIS ABSTRACT Ute Acculturation and Dietary Adaptation Beatrice Medicine Garner The dietary adaptations of an American Indian tribe, the Ute tribe located at present on the Uintah and Ouray Reservation in the state of Utah, illustrate a general so- culturative process to a new system of values as presented by the dominant White society. The data on which this study is based was gathered during field work among this indigenous group. In addition, a careful perusal of all existent literature and governmental documents was conducted to delineate the types of change agents which enacted adjustments in the aboriginal food habits of this preliterate group of peeple. The data indicated that the type of change was variable with the type of change agents, a. g., missionaries among these Indians were not as effective in changing the food-ways as were governmental agents such as school teachers, agents, farmers and other directly super-or- dinate personnel. A system of federal food-rationing definitely directed the food change of this group. In this little-studied group, the carriers of a gathering- type of aboriginal culture have made distinctive adaptations to a dominant American society. “,17va/7/Z/tms Approved 4, 4.; N' ”mi-31F; V' SOCIAL Crux? [‘PPEWICES A, y. .‘F 3‘ Clo: TABLE OF CONTENT 5 CHAPTER PAGE I. INI'RMXJCI'ION TO THE PROBLEM A. Method of Obtaining Data 8. Discussion of Relevant Theory as Applied to Pro-Literate Societies C. Presentation of Theoretical Approach II. FEE-CONTACT UTE SOCIETY A. The Life-Way B. Aboriginal Dietary Patterns to III. FACTORS 0F cm NGE A. The Background 145' B. Food Rations and Thetary Change 55 C. The Annuity System D. Farmdng as a Force in the Change of Food Habits 68 E. The School as an Agent in Dietary Change 88 F. Missionaries and Their Effects on Dietary Patterns 99 0. The Trading Post as an Innovation in Dietary Change 102 mmmmomr DIETARY HABITS: FIELD DATA 105 SOCIAL CHANGE AND DIETARY AMPTATION 126 BIBLIOGRAPHY 131 APPENDICES A. Map of state of Utah, showing the Uintah-Ouray Reservation ' 137 B. Chart of Major Ute Ceremoniale 138 iii LIST OF TABLES NUMBER PAGE I. ESTIMATES OF UTE INDIAN POPULATION 28 II. SUB—DIVISIONS OF THE UTE TRIBE 29 III. FIRST CROPS GROWN BY THE UTES 52 F3 RATIONS ISSUED TO TIE UTES 58 SOURCES FROM THIGH SUBSISTENCE WAS OBTAINED BY THE UINTAH UIES 6h VI. SELF-SUPPORTING AND NON-SELF SUPPORTING UTE INDIANS, (1912-1920) 65 VII. AWUNTS OF PRODUCE RAISED BI THREE UTE BANDS 76 VIII. POPULATION OF TIE UINI'AH-OLRAY RESERVATION 82 IX. MOST PURCHASED ARTICLES AT THE TRADIM‘: POST 113 X. MST FREQUENTLY PURCHASED ARTICLES, IN DESCENDIM‘: ORDER 11h XI. FOOIB PURCHASED BY THE INDIAN BOARDIM} SCHOOL 116 iv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION TO'THE PROBLEM A. Method of Obtaining Data Data for this thesis was obtained during a field trip among the Ute Indians of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation in Utah during the summer of l9h8. Seven weeks were spent in the field, one of which was spent in western Utah on the Gosiute Reservation. The remainder of the time was spent on the Uintah and Ouray Reservation in the north- eastern section of Utah. Since the population of the Gosiute was a smaller one, it was used as a test case to acquaint those of the field party without previous experience with work in a cross-cultural setting. In addition, it was felt to be advantageous to study a group which in aboriginal times had a culture similar to that possessed by the Utes at that time. These Indians did not receive the large amount of direct influence and consequent acculturation to the Plains Indian pattern that the Utes had received. Even the superficial examination conducted among the Gosiute did, in fact, prove very helpful in en- abling one to make a better evaluation of cultural items found among the Utes. ' As for specific field techniques, as much information as possible was obtained from the literature and from questioning per- sonnel at the Indian Service headquarters. After arrival in the field, the practise became one of each individual worker selecting an area ' for concentrated investigation. He worked with a series of informants but not in the presence of the other workers. These interviews were usually cond: the gathering, of the interv it the surrcuii the purpose (A state. In 36de the trading p03 time. The re 1m °! 311 crexlx Since a nu -\ \ “813, this was“; mm “Quint; A in the Wtsesgié‘ a ‘1‘ .tfih ‘0 39‘.ng um mdl lflYhninxion, L “LDC! “Lb 1.00 Etch “1e Pr eg. F- an the sch. “1081011 tit C, ”an... Ira usually conducted at the trading post or at the informants‘ homes. In the gathering of the material for this paper, the greater proportion of the interviews were conducted in the home of the informant. Trips to the surrounding countrybside were taken with various informants for the purpose of gathering those forms of food collected from a wild state. In addition, material was obtained from records belonging to the trading post and from records on file in the Indian Service Agency office. The records kept by the trading post contained itemized list- ings of all credit purchases with the date and name of the purchaser. Since a vast majority of trading post business is conducted on a credit basis, this was found to be an invaluable source of information on actual acquisitions of new types of foods. The trading post remains in the possession of the original family, who, in turn, were the first family to settle in this immediate area. After the Indians of this group discovered the subject of this investigation, they cooperated fully'- to the extent of providing the author with food on frequent occasions. She was usually invited to watch the preparation of the food or participated in its preparation. A full questionnaire form was not used, but rather, the author used the schedule type of questionnaire which is used by many anthro- Pological field workers. It consisted of an outline about which questions were directed to the informant in an attempt to obtain as cOMpIete material as possible. other than mun; \ getting «um complexes revel , he of th tun is h. Audra 1mm, in a to; ‘\ Eta. lit! Stat; B. Discussion of Relevant Theogz as Applied to Pre-literatg Societiep Due to the paucity of work in the nutritive area among pre-lit- erate peoples, it is possible to outline the major theories of each of the main contributors in this area of human relations. Various theories regarding change in dietary practises of such yrs-literate societies have been advanced by social scientists. However, little has been done other than enumerations of food-gathering techniques and other food- getting activities with slightly less interest in attitudinal and habit complexes revolving around food. One of the persons interested in the nutritional aspects of cul- ture is Dr. Audrey I. Richards, who published a hypothetical statement in 1932, in a book which was entitled Hugger and‘Work in a Savage Com- EEEEEZk Her statement that ”nutrition is a biological process more fundamental than sex'1 is a startling one and this area of the hunger drive is markedly absent from most ethnographic research. Unlike sex, this drive cannot be suppressed; it is an imperative which underlies all human interaction.2 1Richards, Audrey 1., Hunger and Work in a Savage Community (Glencoe, Illinois: The Free-Press, IRBZ), p. 1. 201nm, Douglas L., M c... of A Change in Food mono," 52- plied Anthropology,‘Vol. 1, No. 2,.l9h2, p. 3b. "The activities, in- stitutions, symbols, and appetites derived from the bodily need for sustenance constitutes 5,most, if not 323 most important aspect of Primitive cultures ... Sustained sexual frustration, however, only ru‘Olyreaches a stage beyond bodily tolerance.