Central Europe Federal Republic of Germany Demography JANUARY 1, 1982 the 66 local Jewish communities in the Federal Republic and West Berlin had 28,374 members. In 1981, 842 immigrants and 301 emigrants were recorded, together with 105 births and 487 deaths; there were 45 conversions to Judaism. On January 1, 1983 a total of 28,202 Jewish community members were registered—14,450 males and 13,752 females. In 1982 there were 620 immigrants, 340 emigrants, 95 births, 410 deaths, and 20 conversions to Judaism. The largest Jewish communities as of January 1, 1983 were West Berlin with 6,548 members (about 40 per cent of whom were recent arrivals from the Soviet Union), Frankfurt with 4,872, Munich with 3,920, Diisseldorf with 1,704, Hamburg with 1,391, and Cologne with 1,279. An additional 25,000 unregistered Jews were thought to be living in the Federal Republic and West Berlin. Communal Activities A survey of Jewish life in the Federal Republic was contained in the Rosh Hashanah message prepared by the Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland (Central Council of Jews in Germany), the representative political organization of the Jewish community, in September 1981. The message noted that Jewish existence in Ger- many was burdened both by the experience of persecution in the past and a degree of undisguised prejudice in the present. While the Central Council maintained cordial relations with various governmental bodies and parliamentary parties, the average Jew experienced a degree of unease in everyday affairs. German public awareness of the Jewish community appeared to be less than friendly, the message maintained. Jews in Germany were also troubled by the political strains between the Federal Republic and Israel. Against the background of the Lebanon war and the strong anti-Israel reaction that it produced among the German public, the Central Council, in summer 1982, expressed concern about a revival of antisemitism. The organization noted with chagrin that political, religious, and labor groups had all joined in the attack on the Jewish state, and that the Israelis had been likened to Nazis. Still, the Central 205 206 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Council welcomed the fact that mutual contacts and youth exchanges between the Federal Republic and Israel continued, even if on a somewhat diminished basis. The Central Council kept a watchful eye over neo-Nazi tendencies in the Federal Republic. While the organization believed that neo-Nazism did not pose a threat to the constitutional order, there was concern about potential violence. The Central Council stated: "We and all citizens have a claim to be protected from potential murderers. We note with approval that the appropriate federal and state depart- ments have begun to recognize the danger posed by neo-Nazism and to combat it appropriately." The Central Council alluded to the fact, emerging from various studies, that one out of every ten Germans held strongly antisemitic views. On the anniversary of the January 1942 Wannsee conference, at which plans were com- pleted for the final solution to the Jewish question, the Central Council declared: "We expect that all the relevant bodies of the Federal Republic, in common with parents and teachers, will continue to pass on ... the disastrous story of the Nazi past, in order to alert younger people to the terrible consequences that intolerance, irrational racism, and national arrogance can have." While the issue of Jewish security stood in the forefront of the Central Council's deliberations, the organization was also concerned about the status of youth, the integration of new arrivals (mostly from Soviet bloc countries), cooperation with Israel, contacts with international Jewish organizations, and cultural activities. Representatives of the Central Council held numerous meetings with leading Ger- man political figures to discuss various issues. Werner Nachmann, chairman of the board of the Central Council, warned against German arms shipments to Saudi Arabia. On the occasion of a visit to the Federal Republic by Soviet party chief Leonid Brezhnev, Nachmann appealed to leading German political figures to raise the issue of Soviet Jewry. Regarding German-Israel relations, Nachmann noted that the period of unbounded sympathy for the Jewish state was now over; the Federal Republic was gradually withdrawing from the special role it had taken on as a result of the crimes which the Nazis had committed against the Jews. The Central Council awarded the Leo Baeck Prize to three individuals: rabbi and historian Bemhard Brilling of Israel; lawyer and journalist Robert Weltsch of Israel; and politician and historian Anton Keim of Mainz. The latter had published numer- ous studies relating to German-Jewish history and had undertaken a variety of initiatives to further German-Jewish and German-Israeli relations. In May 1982 the Central Council held its fifth youth and culture conference in Saarbriicken; the meeting, which drew over 100 participants, was devoted to the theme "Israel and Us." Professor Shemeryahu Talmon of the Hebrew University succeeded Professor Leon Feldman of Rutgers University as rector of the College for Jewish Studies in Heidelberg, which had been established at the initiative of the Central Council. The College for Jewish Studies sought to train a new generation of leaders in the areas of Jewish education and Jewish communal service. The Central Welfare Agency of Jews in Germany, in conjunction with the Central Council, carried out a program of aid to needy Jews in Poland, providing them with kosher food. By the end of 1982, over 323,000 marks had been raised for this FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 207 purpose. The Central Welfare Agency also conducted vacation programs for young people, as well as training seminars for youth leaders, kindergarten teachers, and social workers. During the Lebanon war, the Zionist Organization of Germany urged increased activity on behalf of Israel. The Jewish National Fund conducted a successful fund-raising campaign. The WIZO Federation of Germany supported several proj- ects in Israel. The Jewish community of West Berlin awarded the Heinrich Stahl Prize to German publisher Axel Springer, in appreciation for his ongoing efforts toward German-Jewish reconciliation and his labors on behalf of Israel. The most active Jewish youth organization was the Bundesverband Jiidischer Studenten in Deutschland (BJSD, Federal League of Jewish Students in Germany), which either sponsored or participated in the following activities: "An Encounter with Chabad," in London; a seminar on "The Holocaust and Modem Antisemit- ism," in Thessaloniki, Greece; a leadership training seminar, in Jerusalem; a seminar on "The Effects of the Holocaust," in Milan; a seminar on "Israel—Tendencies and Perspectives," in Cologne; a seminar on "Fascism as a Historical and Social Phe- nomenon," in Frankfurt; a seminar on "Jewry and Judaism in Education," in Bad Nauheim; and a seminar co-sponsored with the College for Jewish Studies on "Messianism in Judaism," in Heidelberg. BJSD delegates participated in interna- tional student meetings, including one in Strasbourg, and visited the Budapest Jewish community. A BJSD delegation met with representatives of the Central Council to discuss the problems of Jewish students. A meeting between BJSD delegates and the executive committee of the Circle of Christian Democratic Students had the aim of furthering cooperative efforts. The BJSD repeatedly took a stand on issues of the day, e.g., protesting the possible delivery of German arms to Saudi Arabia, criticizing the Soviet Union for human rights violations, appealing to the Soviet government to shed light on the fate of Raoul Wallenberg, protesting against the pro-PLO policies of the Greek government, and criticizing the pope for meeting with Yasir Arafat. BJSD members conducted pro-Israel public information campaigns in connection with Israel Independence Day. BJSD chairman Joram Hess, who was elected gen- eral secretary of the European Union of Jewish Students, represented the latter organization at a conference of the European section of the World Jewish Congress. The Bund Jiidischer Jugend (BJJ, Jewish Youth League) organized a variety of workshops, seminars, and social events to promote ties between Jewish youth in the Federal Republic. Particularly noteworthy were the following: a seminar on "Reli- gious Problems of Young Jews Today"; a workshop on "Israel After the Elections"; a workshop on "The Peace Movement—A Jewish Question?"; and a seminar on "Jewish Life and Religion in the Visual Arts." The College for Jewish Studies in Heidelberg presented a lecture series for young people on Jewish history, religion, and culture. Maccabiah Germany, through its local affiliates, provided Jewish youth with excellent opportunities for physical training. In 1981 the organization's activities 208 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 were geared toward the 1 lth Maccabiah in Israel; 74 Jewish athletes from Germany participated, winning several medals. In November 1982 the congress of the Euro- pean Maccabiah Confederation, meeting in Diisseldorf, decided to hold the 1987 European Maccabiah games in Cologne. This would mark the first time since World War II that the games were held on German soil. Religion At its annual meeting in Frankfurt, in December 1981, the Rabbinerkonferenz in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Rabbinical Conference in the Federal Republic of Germany) elected Emil Davidovic of Dortmund as managing director for the years 1982-1983. The Rabbinical Conference sought to formulate halakhic re- sponses to all the matters brought before it, but the decisions were only advisory in nature; conversions to Judaism fell totally within the domain of individual rabbis. Among the issues that the Rabbinical Conference discussed were ecumenical reli- gious services and the burial of non-Jewish spouses in Jewish cemeteries. With regard to the latter, the setting aside of a special parcel for mixed-married couples was recommended. In Munich, in 1982, Paul Biberfeld was inducted as the new rabbi of the commu- nity, succeeding Rabbi Hans Griinewald.