TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 5 List of Abbreviations 10 LINGUISTIC RESEARCH BEFORE THE NINETEENTH CENTURY L Introduction 13 2. Linguistic Research in Ancient Greece 15 3. The Indian Grammatical School 22 4. From the Days of the Roman Empire to the end of the Renaissance 26 5. From the Renaissance to the end of the Eighteenth Century 31 LINGUISTIC RESEARCH IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 6. Introduction 37 7. The Epoch of the First Comparativists 40 8. The Biological Naturalism of August Schleicher. ... 44 9. "Humboldtism" in Linguistics (the "Weltanschauung" theory) 48 10. Psychologism in Linguistics 52 11. The Neo-grammarians 58 12. Hugo Schuchardt, a Representative of the 'Tndependents" 65 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS LINGUISTIC RESEARCH IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 13. Introduction 69 The Basic Characteristics of Twentieth Century Scholar- ship 69 The Trend of Development in Linguistics 72 14. Non-Structural Linguistics 78 Linguistic Geography 78 The Foundation of Methods 78 Modern Dialectology 82 The French Linguistic School 84 The Psychophysiological, Psychological and Sociolog- ical Investigation of Language 84 Stylistic Research 87 Aesthetic Idealism in Linguistics 89 Introduction 89 Vossler's School 90 Neolinguistics 93 The Progressive Slavist Schools 97 The Kazan School 97 The Fortunatov (Moscow) School 100 The Linguistic Views of Belic 101 Marrism 102 Experimental Phonetics 107 15. Structural Linguistics . 113 Basic Tendencies of Development 113 Ferdinand de Saussure 122 The Geneva School 129 The Phonological Epoch in Linguistics 132 The Forerunners 132 The Phonological Principles of Trubetzkoy 134 The Prague Linguistic Circle 141 The Binarism of Roman Jakobson 144 TABLE OF CONTENTS 9 The Structural Interpretation of Sound Changes. 148 The Schools of American Linguistics 152 The Pioneers: Boas, Sapir and Bloomfield 152 The Epoch of Distributionalism 159 Anthropological Linguistics 163 Psycholinguistics 170 The Copenhagen School 173 The Foundation of the School - Viggo Brondal ... 173 Hjelmslev's Glossematics 176 16. Logical Symbolism in Linguistics 186 Logistics 186 Semiotics (Semiology) 190 Linguistic Semantics 194 17. Linguistic Syntax and the Generative Approach .... 203 18. Mathematical Linguistics 212 Introductory Remarks 212 Quantitative (Statistical) Linguistics 215 Information Theory 224 Machine Translation 233 Subject Index 243 Index of Proper Names 255 .