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The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en International Doctorate in Entrepreneurship and Management Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Department of Economy and Business Doctoral Thesis Gezim Turkeshi PhD candidate Josep Rialp Director Examining how segments based on motivation affect the relationship of destination personality in predicting tourist behavior: the case of Andorra 2017 2 UAB Turkeshi & Rialp Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4 2. Literature review ................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Data and methods ...................................................................................................................... 13 2.2. Paper Selection .......................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1. Segmentation & Seasonality .................................................................................................. 15 2.2.2. Satisfaction, Destination Attachment, Loyalty ....................................................................... 19 2.2.3. Destination Personality .......................................................................................................... 22 2.3 Analysis of selected papers ........................................................................................................ 26 2.3.1 Segmentation .......................................................................................................................... 26 2.3.2 Seasonality .............................................................................................................................. 36 2.3.3 Satisfaction .............................................................................................................................. 40 2.3.4 Destination Loyalty .................................................................................................................. 45 2.3.5 Destination Attachment .......................................................................................................... 49 2.3.6 Brand Personality and Destination personality ....................................................................... 54 2.3.6.1 Impact of destination personality ........................................................................................ 56 3. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................................... 62 3.1 Segmentation & Seasonality ...................................................................................................... 62 3.2 Links among Destination Personality, Satisfaction, Destination Attachment, and Loyalty ........ 63 3.2.1 Destination Personality – Satisfaction and Destination Attachment ...................................... 64 3.2.2 Destination Personality – Loyalty ............................................................................................ 67 3.2.3 Satisfaction – Loyalty ............................................................................................................... 67 3.2.4 Satisfaction – Destination Attachment .................................................................................... 69 3.2.5 Destination Attachment – Loyalty ........................................................................................... 70 3.3 Moderation effect by the identified segments (Multi-Group Analysis) ..................................... 71 4. Methodology & Results ....................................................................................................... 75 4.1 Data & Sample ............................................................................................................................ 75 4.2 Variables: .................................................................................................................................... 77 4.3 Analysis of Segmentation ........................................................................................................... 83 4.3.1 Data analysis ............................................................................................................................ 83 4.3.2 Profile of valid sample ............................................................................................................. 85 4.3.3 Factor Analysis of the Motivational Items (by Seasons) .......................................................... 87 4.3.4 Hierarchical Clustering (by season) ......................................................................................... 91 4.4 Testing the model (Hypothesis 2.3.4.5.6.7) ................................................................................ 99 4.4.1. Factor analysis of Destination Personality (general and by seasons) ..................................... 99 4.4.2. Data analysis ......................................................................................................................... 104 2.4.3 Discriminant and Convergent Validity ................................................................................... 107 4.4.4 The mediation effect (in general and by seasons) ................................................................ 111 2.4.5 Hypothesis Testing ................................................................................................................ 118 4.6 Analysis of the moderation effect of the segments ................................................................. 121 4.6.1 Measurement invariance ...................................................................................................... 121 4.6.2 PLS-SEM based on different segments .................................................................................. 124 5. Discussion & Conclusion .................................................................................................... 127 3 UAB Turkeshi & Rialp 5.1 Motivation-based segmentation in different seasons ............................................................. 127 5.2 The role of destination personality in predicating tourist behavior ......................................... 132 5.3 The role of motivation-bases segments in predicting tourist behavior. .................................. 135 6. Implications ........................................................................................................................ 138 6.1 Theoretical implications ........................................................................................................... 138 6.2 Managerial implications ........................................................................................................... 145 7. Limitations & future research ........................................................................................... 149 Annex ..................................................................................................................................... 152 Annex 1 – List of segmentation studies in tourism included in the literature review ................. 152 Annex 2 – List of papers studied seasonality in a tourism destination included in the literature review ......................................................................................................................................... 156 Annex 3 – List of satisfaction, loyalty, and destination attachment studies in tourism included in the literature review .................................................................................................................. 157 Annex 4 – List of destination personality studies in tourism included in the literature review .. 162 Annex 5 - Total citations by lead author .................................................................................... 166 Annex 6 – Mapping from Web of Science .................................................................................. 168 Annex 7 – Hypnotised Model with second order constructs without moderation ..................... 169 Annex 8 – Hypnotised Model with second order constructs with moderation ........................... 170 Annex 9 – Mean motivation importance scores by segment (summer) ..................................... 171 Annex 10 – Mean motivation importance scores by segment (winter) ..................................... 172 Annex 11 – Questionnaire .......................................................................................................... 173 8. References: ........................................................................................................................ 176 4 UAB Turkeshi & Rialp Summary of the dissertation: Customer behavior has gained vast attention in marketing literature, however in tourism there are still gaps to be studied. The objectives of this