Mbomipa Project Idodi and Pawaga Divisions Iringa Region, Tanzania and Selous Conservation Program Songea and Morogoro Districts Ruvuma and Morogoro Regions Tanzania Appendix 1 of the EPIQ Assessment of Lessons Learned from Community Based Conservation in Tanzania August 2000 Task Order No. 12 Contract No. PCE-I-00-96-00002-00 Mbomipa Project Idodi and Pawaga Divisions Iringa Region, Tanzania and Selous Conservation Program Songea and Morogoro Districts Ruvuma and Morogoro Regions Tanzania Appendix 1 of the EPIQ Assessment of Lessons Learned from Community Based Conservation in Tanzania Prepared by: International Resources Group, Ltd. 1211 Connecticut Avenue, NW ¬ Suite 700 Washington, DC 20036 ¬ USA Tel: (202) 289-0100 ¬ Fax: (202) 289-7601 Prepared for: USAID/Tanzania August 2000 Environmental Policy and Institutional Strengthening Indefinite Quantity Contract (EPIQ) Partners: International Resources Group, Winrock International, and Harvard Institute for International Development Subcontractors: PADCO; Management Systems International; and Development Alternatives, Inc. Collaborating Institutions: Center for Naval Analysis Corporation; Conservation International; KNB Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc..; Keller-Bliesner Engineering; Resource Management International, Inc.; Tellus Institute; Urban Institute; and World Resources Institute. Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations....................................................................................................iv Interpretation of Key Terms......................................................................................................vi Tanzania Country Bio-Data Sheet ...........................................................................................viii Preface.......................................................................................................................................ix 1. Scope of the Report....................................................................................................ix 2. Field Techniques, Data and Analysis .........................................................................ix 1. Mbomipa And Selous Conservation Program–An Overview..............................................11 1.1 MBOMIPA................................................................................................................11 1.2 Selous Conservation Project (SCP)...........................................................................13 2. Socio-Economic Issues ........................................................................................................20 2.1 Population Demographics .........................................................................................20 2.1.1 MBOMIPA.....................................................................................................20 2.1.2 Selous Conservation Program........................................................................20 2.2 Status of Social Services ...........................................................................................21 2.2.1 MBOMIPA.....................................................................................................21 2.2.2 Selous Conservation Program........................................................................21 2.3 Main Economic Activities.........................................................................................22 2.3.1 MBOMIPA.....................................................................................................22 2.3.2 Selous Conservation Program........................................................................24 2.4 Local Institutions and Level of Local Participation in Decision-Making.................25 3. Analysis of the Main Findings.............................................................................................27 3.1 Management ..............................................................................................................27 3.1.1 Consensus and the Planning process ..............................................................27 3.1.2 MBOMIPA.....................................................................................................27 3.1.3 Selous Conservation Program........................................................................29 3.1.4 Linkages with other Programs .......................................................................30 3.2 Activities and Linkages with Private Sector, Government and NGO’s....................31 3.2.1 MBOMIPA.....................................................................................................32 3.2.2 Selous Conservation Program........................................................................34 i 3.2.3 Activities Related to Marketing or Increasing Access to Markets and Value-Added Processing .........................................................................34 3.2.4 Collaboration of different CBC Initiatives.....................................................35 3.3 Institutional and Legal Aspects.................................................................................35 3.3.1 Issues of Land Tenure ...................................................................................35 3.3.2 MBOMIPA.....................................................................................................37 3.3.3 Selous Conservation Program........................................................................38 3.4 Management and Institutions Established................................................................41 3.4.1 MBOMIPA.....................................................................................................41 3.4.2 Selous Conservation Program........................................................................41 3.5 Locus of Decision-making: Composition and Mandates of Management Team and Linkages with Village and District Council.......................................................42 3.5.1 MBOMIPA.....................................................................................................42 3.5.2 Selous Conservation Program........................................................................45 3.5.3 Regulations and By-laws for Natural Resource Use .....................................47 3.5.4 Rights and Responsibilities of Communities, Village Government, District and Central Government....................................................................47 3.5.5 Binding Legal and Policy issues....................................................................48 3.5.6 Mechanisms for Conflict Resolution.............................................................50 3.6 Facilitation.................................................................................................................51 3.6.1 Sources of Funds ............................................................................................51 3.7 Capacity Building and Monitoring Process..............................................................53 3.7.1 MBOMIPA.....................................................................................................53 3.7.2 Selous Conservation Program........................................................................54 3.8 Economic and Environmental Impact – Benefit sharing...........................................55 3.8.1 Categories, Type and Value of Benefits........................................................55 3.8.2 Financial Benefit ............................................................................................56 3.9 Environmental Benefits .............................................................................................57 3.9.1 MBOMIPA.....................................................................................................58 3.9.2 Selous Conservation Program........................................................................59 3.10 Mechanisms to Share Benefits .................................................................................62 ii 3.10.1 MBOMIPA.....................................................................................................62 3.10.2 Selous Conservation Program........................................................................63 3.10.3 Mechanisms to Address Age, Gender and Equity issues...............................63 4. Constraints and Opportunities..............................................................................................66 5. Practical Lessons Learned....................................................................................................68 5.1 Building Trust Among Stakeholders – A Crucial First Step.....................................68 5.2 Definition of “Community”.......................................................................................68 5.3 Considering Gender in Community Involvement in Natural Resource Management ..............................................................................................69 5.4 Security of Tenure – Devolution of Proprietorship Rights and Management Authority Over Local Natural Resources to Local Communities.......70 5.5 The Centrality of the Political Process to Long-term CBC Success.........................70 5.6 Intra- and Inter-sectoral Coordination.......................................................................70 5.7 Process for Community-based Involvement in NRM Should Be Simple .................71 5.8 Promote Community Institutional Mechanisms and Capabilities for Knowledge