SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY: A CASE OF SINGAPORE Mohinder Singh Advisor, LTA Academy Land Transport Authority Singapore 12% Land Use Singapore 15% Roads Housing 73% Others 25 km 49 km CBD High- density housing Population: 5.4 million Land Area: 716 sq. km Land Transport Facts and Figures Road Network 3,452km Expressway Network 164km Vehicle Population 974,170 Car Population 623,688 MRT 153km LRT 29km Buses 3,777 Taxis 27,695 Note: Figures accurate as of Jan 2014 Passenger Transport Mode Share 3.48 million Buses Total PT Trips 7.0 million 2.65 million MRT / LRT PT Mode Share 63% during peak 0.97 million periods Taxi Traffic in the 1960s Severe Traffic Congestion Rising travel demand Unreliable bus services Land Transport Policy and Strategies Integrate transport and land use planning Manage private transport demand Develop public transport Integrate Transport and Land Use Planning • In 1967, the government commissioned the State and City Planning (SCP) project to examine general urban planning and transportation development • 4 year planning and studying process led to the 1971 Concept Plan - Singapore’s first integrated land use and transport development plan Integrate Transport and Land Use Planning Concept Plan Transportation Plan Integrate Transport and Land Use Planning Concept Plans • Ring Plan structure 1972 • High-density satellite towns built around central water catchment area • Shaped the key transport developments – Changi Airport, MRT, expressways network Concept Plan1991 • Decentralisation strategy • Commercial centres to be developed in different parts of Singapore • Bring jobs closer to homes and alleviate congestion in the city centre • Focused on providing a high quality living environment • More housing options in the city to inject vibrancy into central area • Set aside land in CBD for development of global financial hub Integrated Master Planning & Development Planning Process Long Term RTS and RMP Long term plans Concept Plan 30-40 years Medium term plans Medium Term RTS and Road Master Plan 10-15 years Plans Near term plans Planning Feasibility Studies 5-10 years 5 Year Road Development Rail Lines Programme Benefits of Integrated Long Range Planning • Increase commuters’ walkability and accessibility Integration of Transport and Housing Estates • Reduce need of travel and car dependency • Promote high density, compact public transport- centric urban fabric • Safeguard future transport corridors Integrating Transit with Developments 1. A mix of uses 2. High density 3. Good connectivity Punggol Station 4. Transportation Choices 5. High quality design Punggol Town PUNGGOL LRT SYSTEM ROUTE Sengkang Station Sengkang Town Sengkang Town Centre Compass Point SKLRT Compass Height SKG Bus Interchange NEL Sengkang Interchange Sengkang Interchange (cross section) Residential LRT Commercial Concourse Bus Interchange MRT Activity Plaza City Planning in Marina Bay Area Singapore Golf Course Flyer Sands Integrated Resort Singapore Botanic Gardens Marina 2 Barrage Business & Financial Centre International Passenger Terminal CCL Esplanade Promenade station Cross Street Bayfront Landmark DTE Marina Coastal Expressway Marina Bay bridge Institutional Governance Organizational Structure Ministry of Transport (MOT) Land Transport Sector Land Transport Public Civil Aviation Authority Maritime Port Authority (LTA) Transport of Singapore (CAAS) Authority (MPA) Council (PTC) Formation of the Land Transport Authority • Planned and built the MRT Mass Rapid Transit • Regulated the operator (SMRT) Corporation Merged to form an • Planned, built and managed roads Public Works and pedestrian infrastructure and integrated Department (PWD) commuter facilities land transport • Administered, regulated and authority Registry of Vehicles enforced land transport; as well as vehicle polices (LTA) in September Ministry of • Developed land transport strategies 1995 Communications and policies Formation of the Land Transport Authority LTA was formed with the objective to: Integrate all relevant areas of land transport into one body so as to improve communication between the different transport agencies and ultimately, the efficiency of Singapore’s land transport system and operations. Vision: A People-centred land transport system Mission: To provide an efficient and cost-effective land transport system for different needs Rationale: A single authority to coordinate Singapore’s transport plans (private and public transport) and infrastructure building LTA’s Functions • Formulation of land transport policies • Regulate public transport services • Integrate transport planning with land • Regulate private transport ownership use and usage • Plan, design and develop Rapid Transit • Carry out bus network planning System (RTS) • Plan, design and develop road • Manage public transport ticketing infrastructure payment systems, and payment transactions for road pricing and • Manage road traffic and maintain road electronic parking system. infrastructure • Implement Road Pricing Public Transport Council • An independent body established in 1987 • Members are from a wide spectrum of society • Regulates • bus service standards • bus service operators • ticket payment services • bus & rapid transit system fares Current Industry Structure Public Transport Operators • Rail Operating Licences Ministry of Transport Regulators • Rail Service Standards • Technical agent to PTC on fares & bus routes • Bus Service Operator Licences • To ensure efficient network, information and fare & Route Licences integration • Bus Service Standards • To facilitate seamless travel for commuters with • Fare Regulation introduction of MRT in 1987 Public Transport Council Land Transport Authority Managing Private Transport Demand Not Economically nor environmentally sustainable to keep building roads to meet the ever increasing demand for road space! • Raising the costs of Vehicle Ownership • Charging for Road Usage Demand Management • Ownership Measures: – Vehicle Quota System – Other Ownership Costs Ownership • Additional Registration Fee Control • Excise Duty • Road Tax Usage • Usage Measures: Restraint – Road Pricing Vehicle Quota System (VQS) • Implemented in 1990. Certificate of Entitlement (COE) required to register a new vehicle, valid for 10 years • Regulates vehicle population growth at a rate that can be sustained by road network o 3% p.a. from 1990 to 2008 o 1.5% p.a. from 2009 to 2011 o 0.5% p.a. from 2012 to 2014 • Open on-line bidding exercise Area Licensing System (ALS) • Implemented in 1975 • Reduced traffic entering the Restricted Zone (RZ) Ang Mo Kio Bukit Timah CBDCB D Restricted Zone Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) ERP implemented in 1998, is a congestion management tool which optimises the use of road capacity through the pricing of roads Flexible – rates vary by location/time, based on local traffic conditions Equitable – motorists pay for congestion costs imposed on others or choose to travel at different time/route/use public transport Arterial Roads Expressways Increase Decrease Increase Decrease ERP rate ERP rate ERP rate ERP rate 20 kph 30 kph 45 kph 65 kph . ERP Rates reviewed every 3 months . To ensure optimal use of road space Effect of ERP Traffic Volume to City (AM Peak) Vehicle Population Car Population 500 450 ALS implementation (June 1975) 400 350 300 250 ERP 200 implementation 150 (Sept 1998) 100 50 0 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 (Before ALS) Public Transport Development • Financing framework • Public transport modes Financing Framework Partnership approach • Government builds & pays for infrastructure • Operators recover cost from operating revenue • (fare, advertising, etc) • Commuters pay for service Self-sustaining transport network • Little / no subsidy on operation and maintenance of MRT system Rail Network Today Rapid Transit Network – Today (182 km) Growth of RTS Network & Ridership RTS Ridership RTS Stations (as-built) RTS Length (km) 200 3.0 160 2.4 120 1.8 80 1.2 Ridership (Millions) Ridership 40 0.6 RTS Length & Number Stations of & Number Length RTS 0 0.0 1986 1990 1996 1999 2001 2003 2007 2009 2010 2011 June 2012 Buses • Provide comprehensive coverage • 2 bus operators - SMRT Buses & SBS Transit – Assigned areas of responsibility • > 357 scheduled services • > 4,500 fleet • Fares and service standards are regulated The Role of Buses HDB Towns Transport Hub City Town A • Feeder to/from MRT • Long-haul journeys in corridors not yet well served by MRT • Serve local needs or short journeys Town C Town B Land Transport Master Plan (LTMP 2013) • 3 strategic thrusts: 1. Making public transport a choice mode; 2. Managing road usage; 3. Meeting the diverse needs of the people • Enhancing travel experience with a focus on 3 key areas: Liveable & Inclusive More Connections Better Service Community More Connections Rail Network Expansion LTMP 2013 Project Est. Completion Cross Island Line By 2030 Jurong Region Line By 2025 Circle Line 6 By 2025 182 km to 360 km by 2030 North East Line By 2030 Extension Downtown Line By 2025 Extension More Connections Promoting Cycling 7 190 km 3,000 2015 cycling towns of cycling racks at year of to be tracks by MRT bicycling completed by 2020 stations by sharing pilot 2015 3Q14 at Jurong Lake More Connection Buses District Integrated Transport Hubs Air-con bus interchanges and MRT/LRT stations integrated with shops 7 more to be completed in the next 10 years Walk2Ride at MRT Stations Extended from 200m to about 400m radius More Connections City Direct Bus Services