Science, Service, Stewardship 2016 5-Year Review: Summary & Evaluation of Puget Sound Chinook Salmon Hood Canal Summer-run Chum Salmon Puget Sound Steelhead National Marine Fisheries Service West Coast Region Portland, OR U.S. Department of Commerce I National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration I National Marine Fisheries Service This page intentionally left blank 5-Year Review: Puget Sound NOAA Fisheries 5-Year Review: Puget Sound Species Species Reviewed Evolutionarily Significant Unit or Distinct Population Segment Chinook Salmon Puget Sound Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Chum Salmon Hood Canal Summer-run Chum Salmon (O. keta) Steelhead Puget Sound Steelhead (O. mykiss) i 5-Year Review: Puget Sound NOAA Fisheries This page intentionally left blank ii 5-Year Review: Puget Sound NOAA Fisheries Table of Contents 1 ∙ GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Background on listing determinations .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 METHODOLOGY USED TO COMPLETE THE REVIEW ............................................................................................................ 2 1.3 BACKGROUND – SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS REVIEWS, STATUTORY AND REGULATORY ACTIONS, AND RECOVERY PLANNING ............ 3 1.3.1 Federal Register Notice announcing initiation of this review ....................................................................... 3 1.3.2 Listing history ................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.3.3 Associated rulemakings ................................................................................................................................ 4 1.3.4 Review History .............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3.5 Species’ Recovery Priority Number at Start of 5-year Review Process .......................................................... 6 1.3.6 Recovery Plan or Outline ............................................................................................................................... 6 2 ∙ REVIEW ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 DELINEATION OF SPECIES UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT ....................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Summary of relevant new information regarding the delineation of Puget Sound ESUs/DPS ................... 10 ESU/DPS Boundaries .......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Membership of Hatchery Programs .................................................................................................................................. 10 PS Chinook Salmon ESU ................................................................................................................................................. 10 HCS Chum Salmon ESU .................................................................................................................................................. 11 PS Steelhead DPS........................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 RECOVERY CRITERIA ................................................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.1 Do the species have final, approved recovery plans containing objective, measurable criteria? ............... 12 2.2.2 Adequacy of recovery criteria ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.3 List the biological recovery criteria as they appear in the recovery plan .................................................... 13 PS Chinook Salmon ESU ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 HCS Chum Salmon ESU ...................................................................................................................................................... 14 PS Steelhead DPS ............................................................................................................................................................... 17 2.3 UPDATED INFORMATION AND CURRENT SPECIES’ STATUS ............................................................................................... 19 2.3.1 Analysis of Viable Salmonid Population (VSP) Criteria................................................................................ 19 PS Chinook Salmon ESU ..................................................................................................................................................... 19 Updated Biological Risk Summary ................................................................................................................................. 19 HCS Chum Salmon ESU ...................................................................................................................................................... 20 Updated Biological Risk Summary ................................................................................................................................. 20 PS Steelhead DPS ............................................................................................................................................................... 20 Updated Biological Risk Summary ................................................................................................................................. 20 2.3.2 Five-Factor Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 21 Listing Factor A: Present or threatened destruction, modification or curtailment of its habitat or range ........................ 21 Current Status and Trends in Habitat ............................................................................................................................ 21 PS Chinook Salmon ESU ................................................................................................................................................. 22 iii 5-Year Review: Puget Sound NOAA Fisheries HCS Chum Salmon ESU .................................................................................................................................................. 33 PS Steelhead DPS........................................................................................................................................................... 40 Listing Factor A Conclusion............................................................................................................................................ 42 Listing Factor B: Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes.................................. 43 Harvest .......................................................................................................................................................................... 43 Research and Monitoring .............................................................................................................................................. 44 Listing Factor B Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 45 Listing Factor C: Disease or predation ............................................................................................................................... 46 Predation ....................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Disease .......................................................................................................................................................................... 48 Listing Factor C Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 48 Listing Factor D: Adequacy & Inadequacy of Regulatory Mechanisms and Protective Efforts .......................................... 49 Habitat ........................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Harvest .......................................................................................................................................................................... 55 Listing Factor D Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 56 Listing Factor E: Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence ....................................................