Notes 1 Idealism and the Justification of the Image 1. J.G. Fichte, The Vocation of Man (New York: Bobbs Merrill, 1956), p.80 (adapted). 2. Idem, The Science of Knowledge (New York: Appleton, Century Crofts, 1970), p.188. 3. Fichte (1956), pp.81f. 4. Ibid., pp.98f. 5. Ibid., pp.124f. 6. Ibid., p.147. 7. For example, the so-called 'Atheismusstreit'. See: F. Copleston, A History of Philosophy, Vol. V, II (Modern Philosophy) Part I: Fichte to Hegel (New York: Doubleday, 1965), pp.lOOff. 8. Friedrich Schlegel, Kritische Schriften (Miinchen: Carl Hanser, 1956), p.46. 9. Walter Benjamin, Der Begriff der Kunstkritik in der Deutschen Romantik in Gesammelten Schriften 1:1 (Frankfurt am Main, 1972), p.26. 10. Quoted in Benjamin (1972), p.37. 11. F. Schlegel, Lucinde (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1963), p.35. 12. F.J.W. Schelling, System of Transcendental Idealism (Charlottesville: Uni­ versity of Viriginia Press, 1978), p.219. 13. Ibid., p.232. 14. Henrik Steffens, Inledning til Philosophiske Forelasninger i K9benhavn (1803) (New edn) K0benhavn: Gyldendal, 1905), p.21. 15. Ibid., pp.21f. 16. Ibid., p.22. 17. One of the best summaries of Grundtvig's thought in English remains E.L. Allen, Bishop Grundtvig: A Prophet of the North (London: James Clarke, 1949). James Clarke have also published (more recently) an anthology of Grundtvig's writings. A sign of increasing Anglo-Saxon awareness of Grundtvig's significance is the recently formed Anglo­ Danish conference Grundtvig and England. 18. Henning Fenger, Kierkegaard: The Myths and Their Origins (Newhaven: Yale University Press, 1980), p.84. 19. F.C. Sibbem, Om Poesie og Konst Bd. 1 (K0benhaven, 1834), p.11. 20. Ibid., p.18. 21. Ibid., p.69. Also note Sibbem's swipe at Heiberg's 'gospel of form': 'There is something which is higher than form and that is: content (gehalt).' 22. Ibid., p.220. 23. Ibid., p.255. 24. F.C. Sibbem, Efterladte Breve af Gabrielis (K0benhavn: Gyldendal, 1968), p.lll. 189 190 Notes 25. E. C. Tryde, 'Om Poesie og Konst' ... F.C. Sibbern (rec.) in Maanedskrift for Literatur 13 (1835), pp.191ff. 26. F.C. Sibbem, 'Heiberg's Perseus' in Maanedskrift for Literatur Vols. 19 and 20 (various issues). See also, N. Thulstrup, Kierkegaard's Relation to Hegel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980}, pp.150-54, for a summary of Sibbem's monograph. 27. G. W.F. Hegel, Aesthetics. Lectures on Fine Art (London: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 1975}, p.38. 28. Ibid., p.361. 29. Ibid., p.433. 30. Carl J. Friedrich (ed.), The Philosophy of Hegel (New York: Random House, 1953/4}, p.337. 31. G.W.F. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right (London: Oxford University Press, 1967}, p.13. 32. Idem, Phenomenology of Spirit (London: Oxford University Press, pb.1979), p.439. 33. Ibid., pp.440f. (adapted). 34. This is the thrust of Alexandre Kojeve' s celebrated Hegel­ interpretation. See A. Kojeve, Introduction a la Lecture de Hegel (Paris: Gallimard, 1947). 35. Hegel (1975), p.525. 36. Ibid., p.1037. 37. Ibid., p.89. 38. Ibid., p.lOl. 39. Ibid., p.103. 40. Ibid., pp.9f. 41. Ibid., p.ll. 42. Ibid. 43. Thulstrup, op.cit., p.16. Compare Kierkegaard's satire on Heiberg's 'conversion' in the Concluding Unscientific Postscript (SV 9, pp.153f.) 44. J. L. Heiberg, Om Philosophiens Betydning for den Nuvaerende Tid (!<eben- haven, 1833}, p.20. 45. Idem, Om Vaudeville (Kebenhavn: Gyldendal, 1968}, pp.28f. 46. Ibid., p.36. 47. Ibid., p.43. 48. See my article 'Seren Kierkegaard: A Theatre Critic of the Heiberg School' in The British Journal of Aesthetics, Vol. 23, no. 1, Winter 1983; also Chapters 3 and 4, below. 49. Heiberg (1968), p.l18. 50. Ibid., p.141. 51. Ibid., p.130. 52. Ibid., p.131. 53. Paul Rubow, Heiberg og hans Skole i Kritiken (Kebenhavn: Gyldendal, 1953}, p.42. 54. J.L. Heiberg, Poetiske Skrifter Bd.2 (Kebenhavn, 1862) 55. H.L. Martensen, 'Betragtninger over Ideen af Faust' in Perseus: Journal for den Speculative Idee, June 1837, p.97. 56. Ibid., p.98. 57. Ibid., p.108. Notes 191 58. Ibid., pp.163f. 59. Idem, 'Fata Morgana' af J.L. Heiberg in Maanedskrift for Literatur (19)1838, p.367. 60. Ibid., pp.367f. 61. Ibid., p.381 62. Ibid., p.388. 63. J.L. Heiberg, En Sjael Efter Deden (6th. edn. Kebenhavn: Gyldendal, 1963), p.18. 64. Ibid., p.36. 65. Ibid., p.38. 66. Heiberg (1833), p.41. 67. Heiberg (1963), p.56. 68. Ibid., p.71. 69. H.L. Martensen, 'Nye Digte' af J.L. Heiberg in Faedrelandet, 10.1.1841. 70. E. Tryde, 'Nye Digte' af J.L. Heiberg in Tidskrift for Literatur og Kritik, 1841. 71. From H. Heine, 'Lass die hell' gen Parabolen' in H. Heine, Siimtliche Werke (Miinchen: Rosl, 1923), Bd. II, p.410. 72. See, for example, D.F. Strauss, The Life of Jesus Critically Examined (London: SCM, 1973), p.780. 73. See, Ludwig Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (New York: Harper Row, 1957). See also my article, 'From Kierkegaard to Cupitt: Subjec­ tivity, the Body and Eternal Life' in The Heythrop Journal Vol. XXXI, Number 3 Ouly 1990), esp. pp.296f. 74. R.M. Summers, A Study of Kierkegaard's Philosophical Development up to 'Om Begrebet Ironi' (London University: PhD thesis, 1980), p.56. 75. Poul Martin Meller, 'Om Begrebet Ironi' in Efterladte Skrifter (3rd. edn. Kebenhavn: Reitzel, 1856), 3, p.l52. For Meller's overall relation to nihilism see Uffe Andreasen, Poul Meller og Romantismen (Kebenhavn: Gyldendal, 1973). 76. P.M. Meller, 'Recension af Sibbem's Aesthetik' in Efterladte Skrifter, 5, p.213. 77. Idem, 'Stretanker' I, in Efterladte Skrifter, 3, p.3. 78. Ibid., 5, p.67. 79. Ibid., p.66. 80. Ibid., pp.69f. 81. Sibbem, 'Heiberg's Perseus', p.308. See n.26. 82. Meller, Efterladte Skrifter, 5, p.41. 83. Ibid., 3, p.l60. 84. Ibid., 1, p.l22. 85. Ibid., p.l34. 86. In Heine, Siimtliche Werke, Bd. V. 'Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland'. 2 The Genealogy of Art 1. Uffe Andreasen, Romantismen (Kebenhavn: Gyldendal, 1974), pp.11ff. 2. The newspaper articles are not included in the 3rd edition of Kierke- 192 Notes gaard's Works, which I have used here. They may be found, however, in Teddy Petersen (ed.), Kierkegaard's Polemiske Debut (Odense: Odense Universitetsforlag, 1977) and in Vol. I of the Princeton University Press edition of Kierkegaard's Writings (Early Polemical Writings). The text of this address may be found in JP,5116/I B 2. 3. Petersen, op.cit., p.l12. 4. Papirer I B 7. 5. Petersen, op.cit., p.13. Papirer I B 6. 6. III B 1. See also Thulstrup, op.cit., p.211. 7. JP,6624/Xili A 99; SV 18, p.13. 8. Frithiof Brandt, Den Unge Seren Kierkegaard (Kebenhavn: Levin og Munksgaard, 1929), p.126. 9. See Chapter 1, n.48. 10. SV 5. Recently published in English, translated with introduction and notes by William D. McDonald, Prefaces (Florida State University Press, 1989). To be published in Vol. IX of the Princeton Kierkegaard's Writings. 11. A reference to Martensen or Tryde. 12. P.M. Mitchell, A History of Danish Literature (Kebenhavn: Gyldendal, 1957), p.135. 13. Faedrelandet 7.5.1843, p.9846. 14. The historical section of this work is chiefly concerned with Socrates, but it also contains an important discussion of 'Irony After Fichte'. 15. See Thulstrup op.cit., pp.213ff. Thulstrup believes that 'we cannot imagine that such a shrewd genius as Kierkegaard could possibly have let himself be taken in by Hegel'. This point of view, however, begs a lot of questions with regard both to Hegel and Kierkegaard. See also David J. Gouwens, Kierkegaard's Dialectic of the Imagination (New York: Peter Lang, 1989), pp.56f., 79ff. 16. See the Princeton 1959 edition of Either/Or I, p.450. 17. The expression comes from Ruskin. See P. Fuller, Theoria (London: Chatto and Windus, 1988), pp.l13ff. 18. See especially Part II, Chapter 3. 19. See especially his comments on 'The Age of Reflection' in Two Ages (SV 17) 20. See Chapter 5, below, 'Kierkegaard as Novelist'. 21. See Nietzsche, The Genealogy of Morals (New York: Doubleday) 22. See Chapter 3, below, 'Towards a Rhetorical Theology'. 23. See, for example, Nelly Viallaneix, 'Kierkegaard Romantique' in Ro­ mantisme (8) 1974, p.64.' S0ren Holm, 'The Nineteenth Century' inN. and M.M. Thulstrup (eds) Kierkegaard and Human Values: Biblioteca Kierkegaardiana 7 (Kebenhavn: Reitzel, 1980), p.15.; Gouwens, op.cit., pp.5ff. presents a view closer to my own. 24. Henning Fenger, op.cit. 25. JP,l182/ll A 29; JP,1231/I A 7; JP,1302/I A 2; JP,5092!1 A 72; JP,510011 A 75. 26. See Chapter 1, n.11. 27. 'Do I, then, dream, or is it this fantastic night which dreams of me?' 28. JP,1178/I A 104; JP,l181/l A 292; JP,1183/II A 50; JP,l184111 A 56; Notes 193 JP,509211 A 72. (Lenau has Faust commit suicide.) 29. The connection between Romanticism and medievalism is well estab­ lished. See, for a classic statement of the case Heinrich Heine, Die Romantische Schule in Siimtliche Werke Bd. 5. 30. 'Hero legends are permeated by a very remarkable self-contradiction, an utterly naive lie (which is why these stories are so easily parodied.)' JP,5209111 A 36. See also JP,5212-4/II A 43-5. 31. JP,4066, 5178, 2209, 4067/1 A 285-8. It is striking in this respect that Hegel sees both the Catholic Middle Ages and the late Hellenistic world as manifesting 'The Unhappy Consciousness' which is unable to be at one with itself.