H2 Technologies Overview Dr. Ned Stetson, HFTO – Hydrogen Technologies Program Manager 2021 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting June 7, 2021 – Washington, DC Hydrogen Technologies Program INTEGRATED CLEAN ENERGY SYSTEMS From producing hydrogen molecules through dispensing to end-use applications U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 2 Developing Application-Specific Targets – Examples H2 Production H2 Energy Storage H2 Liquefaction Liquefaction efficiency target: 6 kWh/kg H Production 2025 2030 2 2X improvement over current technology Hydrogen cost ($/kg) 2 1 Average Liquefier Energy Requirement by Capacity1 Based on NREL’s StoreFAST model $1.45 14 PEM Electrolyzer Targets 12 Electrical Efficiency 10 70 tbd $1.40 (%) 8 6 kWh/kg Stack Cost ($/kW) 100 tbd 2016$/kg $1.35 4 Durability/Lifetime 2 80,000 tbd (hr) $1.30 0 0 100,000 200,000 System Cost ($/kW) 250 tbd Liquefier Capacity (kg/day) Capital Cost Contribution to the Liquefier Share of Real Levelized Delivered Hydrogen Cost ($(2016)/kg) Calculated Average Energy Requirement (kWh/kg) H Charging H Discharging 2 H Storage 2 e- PEM Electrolyzer H 2 H PEM Fuel Cell e- 2 $/kWh H ($/kg H ) 2 $250/kW; 70% efficiency 2 2 $1000/kW; 50% efficiency Note: currently not official targets U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 3 DOE Targets Guide RD&D - Focus is on Affordability and Performance Key Goals: Reduce the cost of fuel cells and hydrogen production, delivery, storage, and meet performance and durability requirements – guided by applications specific targets HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES RD&D – Transportation Cost Targets Production Cost Delivery & Dispensing Cost Onboard Storage Cost ⱡ (electrolytic hydrogen) (700 - bar compressed system) $21/kWh 10k/yr Low-Volume (Current) + Liquid tankers Estimate $11/kg & Tube trailers $6/kg+ $9.5/kg $5/kg+ High-Volume Projection $8/kg* $16/kWh Liquid tankers 100k/yr & $4.50/kg * Tube trailers $3.50/kg * $5/kg Ultimate Target $2/kg $2/kg $8/kWh ⱡ 5 to 7 cents/kWh, 90% capacity factor at $1500/kW †For range: Delivery and dispensing at today’s (2020) stations with ⱡ Storage costs based on 2019 storage cost record All costs based *5 to 7 cents/kWh, 90% capacity factor at $460/kW capacity ~450 kg/day on $2016 *For range: Delivery and dispensing at today’s (2020) stations with capacity 450-1,000 kg/day at high volume manufacturing Note: Graph is not at scale. For illustrative purposes only U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 4 Examples of Cost Drivers and Focus Areas for Hydrogen Technologies Hydrogen Storage Cost (700 bar Type IV, 5.6 kg Hydrogen Storage System) H2 Infrastructure Cost Drivers: Compressors, Chiller, Dispenser and Storage Hydrogen Fueling Station Levelized Cost (700 Bar, 800 kg/day Station) H2 Production (Electrolysis) H2 Onboard Storage Cost Drivers: Cost Drivers: Electrical energy Carbon Fiber Precursors and capital costs and Processing U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 5 Hydrogen Technologies Funding FY20 Appropriations FY21 Appropriations Program Direction $70 million $71 million Hydrogen Production RD&D 70 • Low- and High-Temperature Electrolyzers • Advanced Water Splitting Materials 60 • Electrolyzer Manufacturing Technologies Microbial H Production 50 • 2 Hydrogen Infrastructure RD&D 40 • Materials Compatibility • H2-Natural Gas Blends 30 • Vehicle Refueling Component • H Liquefaction Technologies 20 2 Appropriations ($ millions) ($ Appropriations Hydrogen Storage RD&D 10 • Low-Cost, High-Strength Carbon Fiber • H2 Carriers 0 • H2 Storage Materials FY20 FY21 • Bulk H2 Storage Technologies Production Infrastructure Storage Cost and Performance Analyses U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 6 The Hydrogen Technologies Team Hydrogen Technologies Technology Manager, Technology Manager, Technology Manager, Program Manager, Katie Randolph Neha Rustagi Zeric Hulvey Ned Stetson Program Support, Technology Manager, Technology Manager, ORISE Fellow, Marika Wieliczko Dave Peterson Mark Richards Asha-Dee Celestine Program Support, Technology Manager, Technology Manager, ORISE Fellow, Eric Heyboer James Vickers Brian Hunter Martin Sulic ORISE Fellow, Program Support, Technology Manager, Technical Support, McKenzie Hubert Kim Cierpik-Gold Will Gibbons Levi Irwin to start fall of 2021 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 7 Hydrogen Production Oral Project Presentations Tuesday-Wednesday, June 8-9 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 8 Hydrogen Production Office of Fossil Energy EERE Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 9 Current Cost of H2 Produced through Electrolysis - $5-6/kg H2 Projected cost of electrolytic H2 with today’s technology [1] Electricity Capacity System H2 Cost H production costs from various external analysis and associated assumptions HFTO 2 Cost Factor CapEx ($/kg) Projections (₵/kWh) ($/kW) 1,500 $5.13 Grid – Low Cost 5.0 90.0% 1,000 $4.37 1,500 $6.27 Grid – High Cost 7.0 90.0% 1,000 $5.50 NREL ATB 2020 [2] Solar PV Utility 3.2 31.8% 1,000 $6.09 Los Angeles, CA Solar PV Utility 2.9 35.1% 1,000 $5.54 Daggett, CA Low High Year Electricity Capacity System System Reference Wind Onshore 3.8 38.0% 1,000 $5.76 Cost Factor CapEx Efficiency Utility, Class 6 ($/kg H ) ($/kg H ) (₵/kWh) (%) ($/kW) (% LHV) Wind Onshore 2 2 2.8 52.1% 1,000 $4.22 Utility, Class 1 4.00 6.00 2020 4.0 – 10.0 20 - 30 750 65 H2Council 3.75 5.10 2018 ATB ATB 1,124 63 E3/UCI [1] https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/20004-cost-electrolytic- 2.70 6.80 2018 2.3 – 8.5 26 - 48 840 65 IRENA hydrogen-production.pdf 2.50 6.80 2019 3.5 – 4.5 - 1,400 - BNEF [2] National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL (2020). “2020 Annual Technology Baseline.” Golden, CO. https://atb.nrel.gov/ Current PEM electrolyzer system capital cost range: $750 - $1400/kW U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 10 Pathways to Reduce the Cost of Electrolytic H2 Cost Reduction of Clean Electrolytic H2 Key enablers for lower cost electrolytic H2: • Low-cost electricity 2020 • High electrical efficiency • Low-cost capital expense ~ $5/kg • Increased durability/lifetime • Low-cost manufacturing processes • Manufacturing at MW-scale Electrolyzer goals for 2025 Unit PEM SOEC 2025 $2/kg Higher electrical efficiency % (LHV) ≥ 70 ≥ 98 2030 Lower stack costs $/kW ≤ 100 ≤ 100 $1/kg Increased durability hours 80,000 60,000 Lower system CAPEX $/kW ≤ 250 ≤ 300 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 11 A Multi-layered Approach to Electrolyzer Development Advanced Manufacturing (TRL 6-7) – RD&D on Industry-led RD&D projects manufacturing processes and techniques suitable for high- competitively selected through Funding volume manufacture of mega-watt scale electrolyzers and Opportunity Announcements, electrolyzer components coordinated with H2NEW Advanced Components (TRL 4-5) – RD&D on H2NEW National Laboratory-led integration of materials into components (e.g., catalysts into research consortium on advance MEA) and components into systems (e.g., cells into stacks), component development for low and developing an understanding of mechanisms and addressing performance barriers for PEM LTE and O2- conducting HTE high-temperature electrolysis Advanced Materials (TRL 1-3) – Foundational R&D HydroGEN National Laboratory-led on materials with improved performance and durability for research consortium on advance water splitting technologies, including low and high- materials development for water temperature electrolysis and direct thermochemical and photoelectrochemical technologies. splitting technologies Approach flows from foundational materials-development addressing multiple technologies to advanced integrated component development to advanced system manufacturing processes U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE 12 HydroGEN Advanced Water Splitting (AWS) Materials Consortium Accelerating AWS Materials R&D to Innovative Consortia Model Connecting Enable <$2/kg H2 AWS Community & Enhancing R&D • Leveraging & streamlining access to world-class • Providing > 40 national lab node capabilities to capabilities & expertise accelerate progress of FOA projects • Providing a robust, secure, searchable, & sharable • 76 Publications, 2.87 Impact factor* & 1490 citations Data Hub • Cross-cutting activities to exploit similarities and • Developing universal standards & best practices advance material performance & durability for benchmarking & reporting • Fostering cross-cutting innovation • Total planned commitment of $54M over 8 years (FY16-FY23) HydroGEN 2.0 Focus Areas 11 National Labs 11 Labs, 10 Companies, 39 Universities & LTE: Enable high efficiency, durable AEMWE 10 Companies > 30 Projects Supported 39 Universities without supporting electrolytes 2 Funding Agencies HTE: Identify electronic leakage mechanisms in p-SOEC