Canada in the Contemporary World Teacher’s Online Resource Chapter 2: Culture and Language in Canada Figure 2-1 European territories in North America before 1760 (Page 46) There was limited contact between the First Peoples of North American and the outside world before the arrival of Christopher Coumbus in 1492. However, there is evidence that the Vikings reached the northern tip of Newfoundland around the year 1000 CE. They named their discovery Vinland. Today there is a UNESCO world historic site at L'Anse aux Meadows commemortating this landing.What type of influence did the Vikings or the Norse have on North America? Figure 2-2 Governor James Murray (Page 47) Even though Governor James Murray was was sympathetic to the Francophone majority in Québec, and was responsible for the passage of the Québec Act as an instrument of protection for French Canadian cultural rights, he also successfully argued that the through the Québec Act, slavery in Québec should continue as it existed under the French regime. Figure 2-3 Sir Guy Carleton (Page 47) Like James Murray, Guy Carleton was sympathetic toward the French Canadians. He defended Québec successfully during the American Revolution, and helped to settle the Loyalists in the province of Québec after the war. A famous quote of Carleton’s is: “Remain on duty until every man, woman and child who wanted to leave the United States is safely moved to British soil.” Using Your Knowledge (Page 48) 1. • Lawyer: the Québec Act legislated that French civil law be retained • Priest: the Québec Act legislated that Roman Catholics were free to practice their religion • Fur trader: the Québec Act expanded Québec’s border far into the west – to lucrative fur-trapping lands • Businessperson: a businessperson could continue to conduct business as he/she had before the Conquest – French laws had been retained, as was the French language. The opening up of further trapping grounds to the west would most likely have been profitable to merchants involved in the fur trade. Thinking it Through (Page 48) 2. The lives of the Iroquois, Huron, and other First Nations were affected by the arrival of French and English settlers in these ways: • They became involved in wars – some became allies of the French, others became allied with the English Wyatt Anderson Chapter 1 – Expressing Who We Are 1 Pearson Education Canada © 2008 Canada in the Contemporary World Teacher’s Online Resource • European diseases, to which they First Nations had no immunity, devastated and depleted many populations • Traditional ways of life were lost as First Nations groups became more reliant on the trade goods provided by Europeans • Traditional lands and hunting areas were destroyed or lost as the Europeans expanded their territorial interests 3. Student answers will vary. Encourage the students to support and strengthen their view with an equal number of facts and opinions. Organize and Understand (Page 49) 4. The Loyalists were colonists in what is known today as the United States, who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution. Many left the United States during and after the Revolution and resettled in what is now called Canada. 5. Durham suggested that Upper and Lower Canada be united into one colony. The result would be that the Francophones would be in the minority and would have less influence in government. As a result of this, they were concerned that their language and culture would disappear. Using Your Knowledge (Page 49) 6. Student letters will vary. Have them explore the place of Francophones in the new Dominion of Canada in respect to Canada’s economy and political structure. Inquiring Citizen (Page 49) 7. Encourage the students to base their research on an equal number of facts and opinions and gather several quotes from each of A.A. Dorion and Georges-Etienne Cartier to strengthen their debate. Figure 2-4 Lord Durham (Page 49) Lord Durham was known as ‘Radical Jack’. As a British Whig statesman, he supported many measures of his time: dissenters’ rights, emancipation of Catholics, free trade, universal education, and parliamentary reform. Figure 2-5 Louis Riel (Page 50) Louis Riel married in 1881 while in exile in Montana, and fathered three children. He became a naturalized American citizen and was actively involved in the Republican party. The Republican Party was established in 1854 as an act of defiance against the powerful class of slaveholders in the United States. The party founders adopted the name "Republican," echoing the 1776 republican values of civic virtue and opposition to aristocracy and corruption. Why would Riel sympathize with these views? Wyatt Anderson Chapter 1 – Expressing Who We Are 2 Pearson Education Canada © 2008 Canada in the Contemporary World Teacher’s Online Resource Organize and Understand (Page 53) 8. a) In 1869 the government of Canada purchased the lands then known as Rupert’s Land, and the North-Western Territory from the Hudson’s Bay Company. The Métis and other inhabitants of the area were not included in the negotiations and were afraid that their way of life, traditions, language, and economic role in the North-West would disappear: this led to the Red River resistance. After the Red River resistance, many Métis left Manitoba and moved to present-day Saskatchewan. As settlers moved in and the buffalo herds were decimated, their traditional lands and sustenance were lost and the Métis and First Nations in the area threatened force. Clashes between the Métis and the Northwest Mounted Police led to the Canadian government sending troops to the Métis village of Batoche. A four-day battle ensued. Red River, 1870 Batoche, 1885 Causes: Causes: • Land appropriated by • Decimation of the buffalo government of Canada without herds, largely by the consultations or input from the government of Canada. Métis and people living in the area. • Métis traditional way of life • Land appropriated by disappearing as the influence of government of Canada without the Hudson’s Bay Company consultations or input from the waned. Métis and people living in the area. • Métis fears of losing their • Métis fears of losing their language, culture, and language, culture, and traditions. traditions • Influx of English, Protestant • Encouraged by the perceived settlers. successes of Manitoba Act fifteen years earlier. • Refusal of representation at • Inaction of Canadian Canada’s Parliament. government led to frustration, alienation, and resultant violence. Inquiring Citizen (Page 53) 9. The term ‘rebellion’, which was the usual one in reference to the armed clashes in Manitoba in 1870, connotes a lawless, open, armed, and usually unsuccessful defiance to an established government – it paints the Métis in a negative and violent light. The term ‘resistance’ refers to the act of resisting; refusal to comply with authority. Resistance is a term which usually has positive connotations. Wyatt Anderson Chapter 1 – Expressing Who We Are 3 Pearson Education Canada © 2008 Canada in the Contemporary World Teacher’s Online Resource Figure 2-6 Archbishop Taché. What were his views on the Manitoba Schools Questions? (Page 53) Taché spearheaded a movement to have the federal government overturn Manitoba’s new laws regarding schools. Taché and his followers took their case to court. In Taché’s view, the new non-denominational schools were a continuation of the former Protestant schools: they were administered at all levels by English-speaking Protestants. Taché died in 1894 and did not live to see the Laurier-Greenway Compromise come to fruition. Figure 2-7 Wilfrid Laurier. How did he help resolve the Manitoba Schools Question? (Page 50) Wilfrid Laurier organized several meetings with Premier Greenway of Manitoba in hopes of reaching a compromise in the Manitoba Schools Question. After several discussions a compromise was reached. Many Catholic Franchpones were still opposed to this compromise, and even appealed to the pope of the day. The Pope sent an observer, who concluded, like Laurier, that the compromise was the fairest one possible with so few Catholics left in the province. Organize and Understand (Page 56) 11. Dalton McCarthy tried to destroy French influence in Canada as a reaction to what Honoré Mercier has done in the Province of Québec: he passed several laws within the province that angered large sections of Canada’s English-speaking population. Using Your Knowledge (Page 56) 12. Student answers will vary. Ask them to consider that a compromise does not mean that an issue in settled - it merely means that both opposing parties have been placated for the time being. a) Archbishop Taché – may have been satisfied because public schools with enough Catholic students enrolled could hire people to teach religious education and some French language instruction would be delivered if parents requested it; may have been unsatisfied because taxpayers would not have to support Catholic or French schools. b) Dalton McCarthy – may have been satisfied because taxpayers would not have to support Catholic or French schools; may have been unsatisfied because public schools with enough Catholic students enrolled could hire people to teach religious education and some French language instruction would be delivered if parents requested it. c) Louis Riel - may have been satisfied because public schools with enough Catholic students enrolled could hire people to teach religious education and some French language instruction would be delivered if parents requested it; may have been unsatisfied because taxpayers would not have to support Catholic or French schools. d) Wyatt Anderson Chapter 1 – Expressing Who We Are 4 Pearson Education Canada © 2008 Canada in the Contemporary World Teacher’s Online Resource 13. a) This would not be allowed: taxpayers do not have to fund Catholic or French schools in Manitoba. b) The students of Greenway High School would have the right to one period of French language instruction per day.