WELL-BEING AND MULTIPLE DEPRIVATIONS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE IN BRAZIL 2 WELL-BEING AND MULTIPLE DEPRIVATIONS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE IN BRAZIL BRASÍLIA, 2018 2 WELL-BEING AND MULTIPLE DEPRIVATIONS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE IN BRAZIL United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF) Escritório do UNICEF no Brasil. SEPN 510, Bloco A, 2º andar. 70750-521. Brasília (DF). www.unicef.org.br | [email protected] Florence Bauer, UNICEF Representative in Brazil Michael Klaus, Chief of Communication and Partnerships at UNICEF Brazil Liliana Chopitea, Chief Social Policy and Monitoring and Evaluation at UNICEF Brazil Boris Diechtiareff , Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist Willian Wives, Danilo Moura and Gilberto Boari, Monitoring and Evaluation Officers Luiza Almeida and Martina Duffner, Monitoring and Evaluation Officers (UNV) CONDUCTED BY: Jorge Paz and Carla Arévalo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnincas (CONICET), Instituto de Estudios Laborales y del Desarrollo Económico (IELDE), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) EDITING AND DESIGN ENGLISH VERSION 2019 : Cross Content: Direction: Andréia Peres e Marcelo Bauer. Design: Vitor Moreira Cirqueira. Proof reading: Luciana Maria Sanches. Cover: Fred Borba/UNICEF, João Ripper/UNICEF, Raoni Libório/UNICEF, João Ripper/UNICEF and Ingrit Cristina/UNICEF (from the left to the right). In this study, deprivation refers to deprivation of rights. 3 4 List of Acronyms CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child CA Capability approach ECA Statute of the Child and Adolescent (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente) IBGE Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics MIP Integrated Poverty Measurement Method MODA Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis UBN Unsatisfied Basic Needs MDG Millennium Development Goals SDG Sustainable Development Goals WHO World Health Organization OPHI Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative MD Monetary Deprivations MDP Multidimensional Poverty PNAD National Household Sample Survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios) PNDS National Survey on Demography and Health of Children and Women (Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher) NMD Non-monetary deprivations 5 6 Table of contents List of Acronyms ..................................................................................................... 5 Foreword ............................................................................................................... 11 Executive Summary .............................................................................................. 15 I. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 21 The use of race and color data in this study ................................................ 23 II. Conceptual framework ...................................................................................... 25 II.1. The capability approach ............................................................................. 26 A. The approach from a general and abstract perspective .......................... 26 B. Concrete capabilities: the path towards the delimitation of relevant dimensions ..................................................................................................... 28 II.2. The rights approach ................................................................................... 31 A. The Convention on the Rights of the Child .............................................. 33 B. Statute of the Child and Adolescent ......................................................... 34 C. Sustainable Development Goals .............................................................. 35 III. Background ...................................................................................................... 39 III.1. Multiple deprivations ................................................................................ 39 A. Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) and Comprehensive Poverty Measurement (CPM) ...................................................................................... 39 B. The axiomatic approach ............................................................................ 40 C. Multiple deprivations and multidimensionality ....................................... 41 III.2. Multiple deprivation in children and adolescents .................................... 42 A. Bristol ......................................................................................................... 42 B. UNICEF/ECLAC ........................................................................................... 44 C. MODA ......................................................................................................... 45 III.3. Background in Brazil .................................................................................. 47 IV. Methodology and data .................................................................................... 53 IV.1. Methodology ............................................................................................. 53 7 A. Dimensions ................................................................................................ 54 B. Thresholds by dimension .......................................................................... 55 C. Multiple thresholds .................................................................................... 59 IV.2. Data ............................................................................................................ 60 IV.3. Synthetic measures ................................................................................... 64 A. The calculation .......................................................................................... 64 B. Decomposition into subgroups ................................................................ 66 C. Summary: Crucial Methodological Decisions .......................................... 67 V. Violated Rights .................................................................................................. 69 V.1. Education .................................................................................................... 69 V.2. Information ................................................................................................. 82 V.3. Protection against child labor .................................................................... 90 V.4. Water and Sanitation ................................................................................. 97 V.5. Housing ..................................................................................................... 103 VI. Multiple deprivations .................................................................................... 111 VI.1. Incidence and intensity of deprivation ................................................... 111 VI.2. Structure and gaps between groups ...................................................... 116 A. Characteristics of children and adolescents .......................................... 116 B. Characteristics of households ................................................................. 119 VI.3. Breakdown of the Index of Multiple and Overlapping Deprivations (IMOD) .......................................................................................................................... 123 VI.3.1. Breakdown of the IMOD by dimensions and races......................... 123 VI.4. Breakdown of the Index of Multiple and Overlapping Deprivations (IMOD) in incidence and intensity ............................................................................... 130 VI.5. Monetary poverty .................................................................................... 134 A. Monetary and non-monetary poverty: relation ..................................... 135 B. Subnational monetary deprivation ......................................................... 138 C. Recent evolution ...................................................................................... 142 D. Profiles ..................................................................................................... 145 E. Multivariate analysis ................................................................................ 148 VII. Conclusions ................................................................................................... 153 8 Inequalities in the levels of deprivation of rights between dimensions and population groups ........................................................................................... 153 A step beyond income to measure poverty ................................................... 157 An agenda for the future ................................................................................. 159 References ........................................................................................................... 163 Methodological Annex Multivariate analysis ............................................... 171 Annex 1. Food security (or insecurity) ............................................................... 173 Annex 2. Multiple and simultaneous deprivations in metropolitan areas ....... 179 Annex 3a Disaggregation by Federal Unit (deprivations) .............................. 184 Annex 3b Disaggregation by Federal Unit (extreme deprivation) ................. 186 9 10 Foreword n 2015, Brazil, in common with other countries, adhered to the Sustainable I Development Goals (SDGs) to be reached by 2030, committed to not leaving anyone behind. The 2030 Agenda represents