“Wellington’s Gunner in the Peninsula” – Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Dickson By Colonel Nick Lipscombe INTRODUCTION Wellington was, without doubt, a brilliant field commander but his leadership style was abrupt and occasionally uncompromising. He despised gratuitous advice and selected his close personal staff accordingly. He trained his infantry generals as divisional commanders but not army commanders; of his cavalry commanders he had little time often pouring scorn on their inability to control their units and formations in battle; but it was his artillery commanders that he kept at arm’s-length, suspicious of their different chain of higher command and, in consequence, their motives. One gunner officer was to break through this barrier of distrust, he was a mere captain but by the end of the war he was to become the commander of all the allied artillery succeeding to what was properly a major general’s command. EARLY LIFE 1777-1793 Alexander Dickson was born on the 3rd June 1777, the third son of Admiral William Dickson and Jane Collingwood of Sydenham House, Roxburghshire. There is little information regarding his childhood and it is difficult to paint an accurate picture from his marvellous diaries, or the ‘Dickson Manuscripts’1 as they are known. By the time Dickson commences his peninsular diaries, at the age of 32 and in his 15th year of army service, both his parents and two of his older brothers had died. His mother was to die when he was only five, and as the young Dickson was coming to terms with this tragedy his oldest brother James also died, aged just fifteen. Four years later his father had remarried. His stepmother, Elizabeth Charteris, was to have six children but it would appear (from the absence of correspondence or reference within the manuscripts) that he did not keep in close contact with her or his stepbrothers and sisters in the years that followed. Both his father and uncle were admirals of the blue2 and there would have existed overt expectations that Alexander should take up a career in the Royal Navy. Most of the officers of the navy were from the middle classes and unlike the mainstream army, entry did not depend on birth; patronage was far more important and this the Dickson family certainly wielded in naval circles. Alexander’s older brother Archibald Collingwood3 would capitalise on that benefaction, joining the Royal Navy at the first opportunity and by the start of the Napoleonic Wars he was already a captain. However, it was his oldest brother William who was first to break the mould by joining the army with a purchased commission as an ensign in the 22nd Regiment. He was to die a young captain in 1795 during the campaigns in the West Indies most likely from disease, which proved a far greater killer than operational duty. ‘For on the 1st June the returns showed that, of the three thousand British soldiers in St. Domingo, seventeen hundred were on the sick list and but thirteen hundred fit for duty’4. 1 The ‘Dickson Manuscripts’ are a series of diaries, letters, accounts books, officers’ squad books, orders and returns, maps and drawings. They commence in 1794 and end in 1840. Series A covers ‘Notes on Artillery’ from 1294 to 1794 (the year of Dickson's commission) and consisted of notes compiled for Dickson by Captain Orde, his personal staff officer for many years. Major Murdoch edited these and they were published in the Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institute (RAI) between 1899 and 1903. Series B, covering the years 1794 to 1808 were edited by Lieutenant Colonel Desmond Vigors and sent to the RAI in 1989. Series C, covering the years 1809 to 1813, were edited and published part by part by Lieutenant Colonel Leslie between 1906 and 1914. Lieutenant Colonel Desmond Vigors continued the series from 1814 to 1818 in four volumes between 1986 and 1991. (Chapter 9, Jan to Apr 1814; Chapter 10, May to Dec 1814; Chapter 11, Jan to Dec 1815; and Chapter 12, 1816 to 1818). Lieutenant Colonel Desmond Vigors was subsequently allowed an additional Chapter 13, 1819 to 1840, published in 1992. 2 Blue was the first step on the rank ladder, then white and finally red; providing three levels for each ranks of rear, vice and full admiral. 3 Rear Admiral (of the red) Sir Archibald Collingwood Dickson succeeded his uncle as 2nd Baronet. 4 Fortescue, History of the British Army, vol. IV, part I, p. 459. 1 Two years prior to William’s untimely death, Alexander had also joined the army but with no hope of funding for the purchase of a commission he applied for a place at the Royal Military Academy where a commission was earned by attaining the required level of expertise. Dickson’s decision to join the Royal Military Academy on the 5th April 1793, in his sixteenth year, was not altogether surprising. Although not a gifted academic, he was clearly bright, possessed considerable common sense and had inherited the family’s spirit of adventure. By 1792 it was clear that war between England and France was inevitable and in the first month of 1793 an augmentation to the Artillery was authorised which, inter alia, increased the number of gentlemen cadets at the Academy to thirty. Dickson was quick to seize the opportunity and like many of the cadets revelled in close- knit camaraderie and opportunities and temptations of Woolwich town. The Academy facilities, in terms of instructional and infrastructure capacity, were stretched to the limit; textbooks were in very short supply and, to compensate, cadets were expected to illustrate their own notebooks. This had two advantages, these notebooks were to provide an invaluable reference later in their respective careers and secondly, it taught the students the art of drawing and sketching, which for both gunners and sappers,5 proved exceedingly useful. INITIAL SERVICE & MARRIAGE 1794 - 1806 In the same year that Dickson joined the Academy, the first four troops of horse artillery were formed. ‘Two troops were authorised in January of that year, but not for twelve years of struggling 5 The Academy provided technical instruction to cadets on commissioning joined the Royal Artillery. They retained the option to transfer to the Royal Engineers, which they were able to exercise after a few months in the artillery. Dickson’s intake had only 2 officers who joined the Royal Engineers, one of whom (Gustavus Nicolls) went on to become a general. 2 augmentations of staff officers and troops, can it be said to have attained its proper maturity’6. The most able officers were selected to command these new elite horse artillery troops and Dickson cannot have been anything other than disappointed to discover that he was not selected; particularly as one of his friends and fellow cadet, Hew Dalrymple Ross, was selected to join A Troop. Ross was later to command the “Chestnut Troop” and was to enjoy varied and valiant action with the celebrated Light Division during the Peninsular War. Instead Dickson was despatched to Gibraltar, where he was to join Bradbridge’s Company, 4th Battalion. His disappointment at not being selected for the new horse artillery would certainly have been tempered by the news of his brother’s death in the West Indies and the fact that his first assignment was not to that very operational theatre, which was considered a virtual death sentence. He was to be able to share his grief with Captain John Bradbridge who had lost a younger brother at St. Domingo the year prior7. His first year in Gibraltar was comparatively uneventful but the following year the company were tasked to provide a few gunners to HMS Terror to assist Rear Admiral Nelson in the bombardment of the Spanish fleet at Cadiz, in March and May 1797, and later to attack Santa Cruz, Tenerife. Dickson was disappointed not to have been selected to command this detachment for it would have provided him his first opportunity to see action and alleviated some of the monotony of serving of the ‘rock’. The rest of the year was without incident until September when, following a General Court Marshal for duelling, Captain Bradbridge was removed from his post, and dismissed the service. The promotion and appointment of Captain Framington to command the company coincided with a change of strategy, by the British Admiralty, in the Mediterranean. The promise of Naples as a sea base for the Royal Navy ended the two-year moratorium to British naval operations on the ‘French Lake’. Nelson entered the Mediterranean with a squadron destined for Egypt and Dickson was about to undertake his first operation. A week after Nelson passed the straights of Gibraltar he surprised and defeated the French fleet at Aboukir Bay8, it was a crushing blow for Bonaparte but it posed a dilemma in London. Debate raged as to how to capitalise on this advantage. Minorca was chosen as the first objective and in November 1798, Lieutenant General Stuart and an expeditionary force from Gibraltar, which included Framington’s Company, captured the island. The gunners played their part, remaining for the next three and a half years, their stay only interrupted by the operation to capture Malta in 1800. 6 Duncan, History of the Royal Artillery, vol. II, p. 31. 7 First Lieutenant Thomas Bradbridge RA who died at Port au Prince, St. Domingo on the 30th June 1794. 8 Battle of the Nile, 1 August 1798. 3 Dickson Aged 21 -Courtesy of the Royal Artillery Historical Trust Despite these successes, relations between the British military, naval and political hierarchy were strained.