Index A Addiction medicine specialists Abstinence stage, 226, 227 addiction psychiatry, 12 Abstinence syndrome, 36, 62, 67, 68, 92, 93, 145, ASAM, 12 158, 159 Adolescence, 300–302 alcohol withdrawal, 50 accidents, 293 amphetamines, 101 aftercare plan, 303, 304 anabolic steroids, 183 alcoholic hepatitis, 298 barbiturates assessment, 295 detoxification, 62 behavioral signs and symptoms, 295, 296 symptoms, 62 court order, 298 bath salts, 109 definition, 291 benzodiazepines denial, 294 detoxification, 68 discharge planning, 303 high dose, short half-life, short duration of use, 67 drugs, 293, 294 long half-life, long duration of use, 67 drugs usage, 293, 296 low dose, long duration of use, 67 extended care, 303 rebound phenomenon, 67 family history, 297 symptom reemergence, 67 homicide, 293 caffeine, 111 inpatient treatment, 299, 302 cocaine, 107 medical assessment, 299 detoxification outpatient treatment, 303 buprenorphine (subutex), 92, 93 peer affiliation and acceptance, 292, 304 clonidine, 93 physical examination, 297 methadone, 93 physical growth and sexual maturation, 292 flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), 70 prefrontal cortex, 291 GHB, 72 prevalence, 292, 293 indications, 51, 52 psychological assessment, 300 methylphenidate (ritalin), 108 psychosocial assessment, 296, 297 opioid withdrawal, 92 rehabilitation process outpatient treatment, 50, 51 coping skills and relaxation therapy, 301 outpatient vs. inpatient detoxification, education, 300 52–53 group therapy, 300 phentermine, 109 individual therapy, 300 physical and physiologic changes, 9 life story, 301 rapid detoxification, 93–94 peer assessment, 301 severity, 9 recreational therapy, 301 stage 1, 49 spirituality, 301 stage 2, 49 support group attendance, 301 stage 3, 49 residential treatment, 303 symptoms, 92 screening questionnaire, 296 treatment, 50–53 sexually transmitted diseases, 298 Z drugs, 71 social assessment, 300 Acamprosate (campral), 237, 315 substance dependence, 294 Acute convulsions, 60 substance users, 298 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 341 H.T. Milhorn, Substance Use Disorders, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-63040-3 342 Index Adolescence (cont.) neurological system, 47 teenage, 291 nose, 47 tough love and intervention, confrontation, 298 nutritional system, 47, 48 treatment recovery, 53 codependency, 302 reproductive system, 47 family therapy, 302 throat, 47 family week, 302 tolerance, 49 plan development, 300 treatment, 42 support group attendance, 302 type I alcoholism, 46 typical activity schedule, 302 type II alcoholism, 46 urine drug screen, 298 young adult subtype, 46 Adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs), 228, 267 young antisocial subtype, 46 consequences, 267 Alcoholic beverages, 41–42 dysfunctional characteristics, 267, 268 Alcoholic dementia, 310 laundry list, 268, 269 Alcoholic family, rules, 258 support groups, 269 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 10, 299 Aerosols, 157, 159, 160 history, 232 adolescent males, 156 meetings, 234, 235 clinical presentation, 159 philosophy, 232 hazardous chemicals, 157, 158 slogans, 233 health risks, 157, 158 12 steps, 232, 233 overdose 12 traditions, 234 azotemia, 160 Alcoholism cardiopulmonary monitoring, 160 direct alcohol biomarkers, 198 chest radiography, 160 indirect alcohol biomarkers, 198–201 chronic gasoline sniffing, 160 physical examination, 195–197 ECG, 160 self-administered questionnaires, hyaline casts, 160 191–193 serum chemistry, 160 Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), symptoms, 159 191–193 toluene, 160 Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), 44 treatment, 160 Alkyl nitrites pharmacology, 156, 157 amyl nitrite, 162 symptoms, 157 butyl nitrite, 162 Affinity, 31 cyclohexyl nitrite, 162 African Americans, 319, 320 health risks, 163 Aftercare, 288–289 overdose, 163–164 follow-up care, 221 pharmacology, 162, 163 Alcohol, 277, 278 street names, 162 Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 44 Alpha-PVP. See Alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone Alcohol dependence, 236–237 (alpha-PVP) alcohol-related deaths, 42 Alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone alcohol-related liver problems, 42 (alpha-PVP), 110 cancer, 48 Alternative drugs cardiovascular complications, 47 clenbuterol, 184 chronic severe subtype, 46 creatine, 184 dermatological system, 48 EPO, 184 drinking, 42 GHB, 184 drinking and heavy drinking, 42 hCG, 184 ears, 47 HGH, 184 endocrine system, 47 insulin, 184 evaluation, 48, 49 insulin-like growth factor, 184 eyes, 47 vitamins and amino acids, 184 functional subtype, 46 American Indians/Alaska Natives, 318 gastrointestinal manifestations, 47 American Medical Association (AMA), 22, 335, 336 head, 47 American Medical Association’s Council on Mental health benefits, 48 Health, 331, 339 intermediate familial subtype, 46 American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) metabolic disturbances, 47 criteria, 12, 22, 215 musculoskeletal effects, 47 American’s hidden problem, 310 Index 343 Amobarbital (Amytal), Schedule III drugs, 60 B Amotivational syndrome, 136 Bagging, 156 Amphetamine-related hallucinogens, 167, 171–173 Barbiturate-like drugs Amphetamines, 101, 102 ethchlorvynol (placidyl), 73 abstinence syndrome, 101 ethinamate (valmid), 73 acidifying agents, 99 glutethimide (doriden), 73 DEA Schedule II drugs, 98 methaqualone (quaalude), 73 dependence, 101 methyprylon (noludar), 74 market drugs, 98 Barbiturates methamphetamine, 99, 100 abstinence syndrome, 62 overdose abused street names, 60 symptoms, 101 acute convulsions, 60 treatment, 101–102 central nervous system depressants, 59 pharmacodynamics, 98 cluster and migraine headache treatment, 60 pharmacokinetics, 98, 99 CNS depressant drugs, 61 physically and psychologically addictive, 97 defined, 62 prevalence of use, 98 dispositional tolerance, 62 short-term and long-term health effects, 101 enhanced urinary elimination, 63 street names, 98 gastrointestinal decontamination, 63 sympathomimetic preparations, 99 general anesthesia induction, 60 tolerance, 101 health risks, 61–62 Anabolic steroids, 180, 181, 183 hepatic microenzymes, 61 abstinence syndrome, 183 intracranial pressure reduction, 60 adverse consequences, both sexes, lethal injection, 60 182, 183 medical and psychiatric treatment, 59 adverse effects, males and females, 182 overdose, 62, 63 alternative drugs (see Alternative drugs) pharmacodynamics, 61 anabolic-androgenic steroids, 179 pharmacokinetics, 61 denial, 183 pill form, 60 on drug screens, 183, 184 preanesthetic agent, 60 effects, 181, 182 prevalence of use, 59 healthy males, 179 sedation, 60 illegal use seizures treatment, 61 cycling, 181 sleep induction (hypnosis), 61 pyramiding, 181 supportive care, 63 stacking, 181 types of, 60 legal use Bath salts bone marrow problems, 180 abstinence syndrome, 109 chronic wasting conditions, 181 brand names, 109 delayed puberty in male, 180 cheap substitutes, 109 gender dysphoria, 180 DEA Schedule I substances, 109 growth stimulation, 180 health risks, 109 testosterone deficiency, 181 synthetic stimulants, 109 long-term, 183 tolerance and dependence, 109 pharmacology, 182 Behavioral treatment, 213 prevalence of use, 179, 180 Beneficial effect, 48, 56 receptors downregulation, 182 Benzodiazepines, 313, 315 smuggling, 179 abstinence syndrome, 67, 68 street names, 182 central nervous system depression, 65 tablet and injectable forms, 180 class of psychoactive drugs, 64 Antidiarrheal medications cognitive impairment, 66 diphenoxylate HCl/atropine (lomotil), 86 DEA Schedule IV drugs, 64 loperamide (imodium), 86 flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), 6 ASAM. See American Society of Addiction Medicine long-term, health risks, 66 (ASAM) criteria oral contraceptives, antifungal agents and Asian/Pacific Islanders, 318, 319 antibiotics, 66 Asphyxiation, 158 overdose, 68, 69 Atropine, 173 pharmacodynamics, 64 AUDIT. See Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test pharmacokinetics, 64–65 (AUDIT) physiologic and psychological dependence, 66 344 Index Benzodiazepines (cont.) Cigarettes street names, 64 benefits, quitting smoking, 118, 119 symptoms of depression, 66 combination pharmacotherapy, 127 tolerance, 66 drugs, 118 treatment use, 64 factors, 118 types, 64, 65 health risks, 118 Biomarkers nicotine, 116 direct alcohol, 198 pharmacodynamics, 117 indirect alcohol, 198–201 pharmacokinetics, 117, 118 Biopsychosocial definition, 19 relapse, 127 biological factors, 17–18 smokers, 116–117 psychological view, 18 smoking, 116 sociological factors treatment, 128 family problems, 19 weight gain, 127 financial problems, 19 Civil commitments, 211 isolation, 19 Clenbuterol, 184 legal problems, 19 Clonidine, 93, 126 Blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), 44 Club drugs, 5 Blood alcohol level (BAL), 43, 44, 48 CMRO. See Certified Medical Review Officer (CMRO) Blood-brain barrier (BBB), 33 CNS stimulants, 97–109 Breast and lung cancer deaths, women, 120 alpha-PVP, 110 Breastfeeding, 288 amphetamines (see Amphetamines) Buprenorphine, 238 (see also Bath salts) (see also Caffeine) buprenex, 87, 88 cocaine (see Cocaine) (see also Methylphenidate subutex, 92, 93 (ritalin)) Bupropion (Zyban), 126 modafinil (provigil), 109 Butane, 162 phentermine (see Phentermine) Butorphanol, 87 prevalence of use, 97, 98 Cocaine abstinence syndrome, 107 C antihypertensive properties, 106 Caffeine, 111, 311 chewing coca leaves, 105 abstinence syndrome, 111 coca leaves, 102–103 food and drink products, 110 coca paste, 103 intoxication, 110–111 cocaine HCl, 103 mood-altering drug, 110 coco paste smoking, 105 overdose crack/freebase, 106 symptoms, 111 DEA Schedule II drug, 102 treatment, 111 dependence, 107 powder, 110 Erythroxylum coca plant, 102 tolerance and dependence, 111 forms, 102, 103