_____________________________________ ____________________ ____________________ __________________________ ___________ ____________________ ____________________ __________________________ ___________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ _________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ ict as soldiers _ __________________ _ Its Heritage and Its Promise _ __________________ _ white supremacy, _ __________________ _ TERMS _ __________________ _ PEOPLE Georgia: Oliver O. Howard O. Oliver _ __________________ _ The end of the Civil War was War The end of the Civil Redeemers, poll tax,Redeemers, _ __________________ _ Reconstruction, freedmen, Freedmen’s Bureau, tenant Bureau, Freedmen’s Klan, Fifteenth Amendment, Klan, Fifteenth _ __________________ _ Thirteenth Black Amendment, Johnson, Henry McNeal Turner, Johnson, HenryTurner, McNeal William Felton, Alfred Colquitt, Felton, William Charles Jones Jenkins, HerschelCharles Jones Jenkins, convict segregate lease system, Codes, Fourteenth Amendment, Fourteenth Codes, carpetbagger, scalawag, Ku Klux scalawag, carpetbagger, discrimination, discrimination, Right: a time for many tearful many a time for reunions on both sides of the confl their homes. returned to Andrew Johnson, James Johnson,Andrew 416 ___________________ crop lien, sharecropping, farming, _ _ ___________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ 417 _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ orts from _ _ __________________ erent _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ South began the dif- Reconstruction _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ differe were many e southern states were in _ _ _________________ Reconstructing the State forceserent would try to con- _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ of period is ________t ___________ ldld fter four long years of bloodshed, the of bloodshed, long years fter four f U.S. Civil War ended in the late spring Civil U.S. U War of 1865. Th o chaoschc without stable governments. CropsCCCCCCCCCCC and buildings in lay ruins in o ey also the southern had to rebuild in these involvement eff e North’s SSSSo _ _ __________________ Chapter 17: _ _ __________________ aas _ _ __________________ are y _ _ __________________ ny Many questions facedMany and the South. the nation In 1865, the North and the _ _ __________________ e South was left to its own solutions. In this chap- cult work of bringing the southern states back into mma many areas.many Soldiers struggled to get home, while anxious families waited. African Many Americans set out in search of family or work or simply to exercise their freedom. would the twoHow sections of the country be re- economy be rebuilt,united? would the South’s How and how would southerners make their living? What would happen to the almost four million who slaves were now free, but who had no land and, in most cases, no education? would the new How southern society be structured? Th ___________________opinions on how these questions be should answered. over a decade,For diff trol the direction of the South. fi Th the Union. states in all areas of life—politics, and the economy, Th the society. lasted only a few years. By 1877, northerners and the governmentnational were focused on other issues. Th the developments we will explore in politics,ter, the and the society and cultureeconomy, as Georgia and the rest of the South recovered following and rebuilt Th the Civil War. 1865 to 1877 set Georgia on the path it would follow decades.for many _ ____________________ ____________________ __________________________ ___________ ____________________ _____________________________________ As you read, look for • the presidential plans for Reconstruction, • the impact of the Black Codes, • the actions taken by the state to rejoin the Union, • the Reconstruction amendments, • the end of Reconstruction, • terms: freedmen, Thirteenth Amendment, Black Codes, Fourteenth Amendment, carpetbagger, scalawag, Ku Klux Klan, Fifteenth Amendment, Redeemer, poll tax, ddiscrimination.iscrimination. 1867 1868 Georgia put under New constitution adopted; State ratifi ed 14th Amendment; Georgia readmitted to Union military rule; 1869 constitutional convention State returned to military rule 1865 1870 1876 Charles Georgia ratifi ed 15th Amendment and Alfred Colquitt elected governor Jones readmitted to Union Jenkins elected 1871 1877 governor James Smith elected governor New constitution written 18661866 18681868 18701870 18721872 18771877 Congress President First national Yellowstone First Flag Day held passed Andrew weather Park, world’s fi rst 1875 14th Johnson bureau national park, Aristides won fi rst Kentucky Derby Amendment impeached established created but 1865 acquitted by one vote President Lincoln assassinated; Andrew Johnson became president; Freedmen’s Bureau founded 418 Chapter 17: Reconstructing the State One of the major issues at the end of the war was how the Union and the Above: During his second inaugural former Confederacy would be recombined. Th e South had considered it- address, on March 4, 1865, President self a separate nation during the war. If that logic was followed, then it was Abraham Lincoln expressed his desire a conquered nation at the end of the war and could have been considered that the nation could reunite “with “territory.” However, the United States government had not considered malice toward none.” secession to be legal, so it did not look at the South as a conquered nation but an area that had been in rebellion. At the end of the war, it no longer was. Getting the former rebel states reunited with the northern states and constructing loyal governments in those states was the task facing the na- tional government. Th e return of Georgia to the Union is a confusing story because two sides were trying to gain power. One side wanted Georgia after the war to be as much like Georgia before the war as possible. Th e other side wanted Geor- gia to go in a new direction. For several years, power went back and forth between them. Finally, those wanting less change gained power for good. Presidential Reconstruction Before the Civil War ended, President Abraham Lincoln had begun preparing for the South to return to its “proper relationship” with the rest of the country. As he said in his second inaugural address in March 1865, he wanted Americans to “bind up the nation’s wounds.” Lincoln believed that this process, called Reconstruction, should be directed by the president. His goal was a quick and easy reunion. He was willing to pardon almost any rebel southerner who renounced secession Section 1: Political Reconstruction 419 and accepted the end of slavery. Under Lin- coln’s Reconstruction plan, after 10 percent of the voters in a former Confederate state had taken an oath of loyalty to the United States, the state could begin to form a new government. Many northern leaders thought that Lincoln’s “Ten Percent” plan made it too easy for ex- Confederates to return and that it did not call for any guarantees for rights for the freedmen (the newly freed slaves). In July 1864, the U.S. Congress offered a plan that required more. At least 50 percent of the former Confederates in each state would have to take the loyalty oath, and each new state constitution would have to be written by those who had not participated in the rebellion. Congress’s plan also contained guarantees of rights for African Americans. Lincoln did not sign the Wade-Davis Bill, which outlined Con- gress’s plan, so it did not become law. Lincoln continued to conduct Reconstruction in his own way, but he never had the chance to see it through. On April 14, 1865, southerner John Wilkes Booth entered the Ford Th eatre in Washington, D.C., where President and Mrs. Lincoln were watching a play, and shot the president. Lincoln died a few hours later. Vice President Andrew Johnson became the president. He had been an interesting SectionS i 11. NeitherN i h slaveryl nor iinvoluntaryl servitude,i d choice as Lincoln’s vice presidential running except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall mate in the 1864 election. He was a Democrat, have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United while Lincoln had been a Republican. He States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. was also from the South, a Tennessean, who had opposed secession and the war, which he blamed on the planter class of the South. Like Lincoln, Johnson also wanted a quick and easy Reconstruction for the South. Since Congress had adjourned in March 1865 and would not meet again until December, Johnson believed he had several months to carry out his own Reconstruction plan. Th at plan included renouncing both seces- sion and the debts owed by the Confederate government and ratifying the Th irteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Th at amendment made President Andrew Johnson it unconstitutional for anyone to be held in “involuntary servitude,” which did not object to the Black was another way of saying “slavery.” Although Johnson disliked southern Codes of Georgia or any planters, he pardoned most of those who applied and returned to them lands that had been taken away in the war. other southern state. In June 1865, President Johnson appointed Columbus attorney and Unionist James Johnson as provisional governor. Th at October, white male 420 Chapter 17: Reconstructing the State voters elected delegates to a state constitutional conven- tion. Many of those elected to the 1865 convention had initially opposed secession. The delegates passed the president’s requirements, although some did not like having to do it. For example, they repealed the ordinance of secession but refused to say that they did not have the right to secede. Th ese delegates also wrote a new con- stitution. It outlined citizens’ rights in Article 1 and, in following articles, established the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government and outlined their powers. Article V held “miscellaneous” provisions.