1. HISTORY (Class IX, Chapter 1 and 2) The French Revolution The French Society during the Late 18th Century In 1774, Louis XVI, a 20 year young from Bourbon dynasty ascended the throne of France. He was welcomed by empty treasure. France was reeling under a tremendous debt which had mounted Up to 2 billion lives.For meeting these expenses increase in the tax was inevitable. The French Society was divided into three estates. First, two enjoyed all privileges. 1st Estate: Clergy 2nd Estate: Nobility 3rd Estate: Big businessmen, merchants, court officials, peasants, artisans, landless laborers, servants, etc. Some within the Third Estate were rich and some were poor. The burden of financing activities of the state through taxes was borne by the Third Estate alone. The Struggle for Survival: Population of France grew and so did the demand for grain. The gap between the rich and poor widened. This led to subsistence crises. Subsistence Crisis: An extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered. The Growing Middle Class: The 18th century witnessed the emergence of the middle class which was educated and believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth. These ideas were put forward by philosophers such as Locke the English philosopher and Rousseau, French philosopher. The American constitution and its guarantee of individual rights was an important example of political theories of France. These ideas were discussed intensively in salons and coffee houses and spread among people through books and newspapers. These were even read aloud. THE OUTBREAK OF THE REVOLUTION The French Revolution went through various stages. When Louis XVI became king of France in 1774, he inherited a treasury which was empty. There was growing discontent within the society of the Old Regime. 1789 – Louis XVI called the Estate General to pass the proposals for new taxes. The Third Estate forms National Assembly, the Bastille is stormed, peasant revolts in the countryside. 1791 – National assembly completed the draft of the constitution. It limited the powers of the king and guaranteed basic right to all human beings. France became the constitutional monarchy. 1792-93 – France abolished the monarchy and became a republic. The national assembly was replaced by convention. King and queen were executed. 1793 – 94 – It is referred as the reign of terror. Robespierre followed a policy of severe control. He executed all the so-called ‘enemies’ of the republic. 1795 – Jacobin Republic overthrown, a Directory rules France. A new Convention appointed a five-man Directorate to run the state from 26 October 1795. 1799 – The Revolution ends with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. Time Line : The French Revolution 1770s-1780s — Economic decline: French Government in deep debt. 1788-1789 — Bad harvest, high prices, food riots 1789, May 5 — Estates-General convened, demands reforms. 1789, July 14 — National Assembly formed. Bastille stormed on July 14. French Revolution starts. 1789, Aug. 4 — Night of August 4 ends the rights of the aristocracy. 1789, Aug. 26 — Declaration of the Rights of Man 1790 — Civil Constitution of the Clergy nationalizes the Church. 1792 — Constitution of 1791 converts absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy with limited powers. 1792 — Austria and Prussia attack revolutionary France 1793 — Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are executed. 1792-1794 — The Reign of Terror starts. Austria, Britain, the Netherlands, Prussia and Spain are at war with France. — Robespierre’s Committee of Public Safety repels back foreign invaders. Executes many “enemies of the people” in France itself. 1794 — Robespierre is executed. France is governed by a Directory, a committee of five men. 1799 — Napoleon Bonaparte becomes the leader. WOMEN’S REVOLUTION From the very beginning, women were active participants in the events which brought about so many changes in the French society. Most women of the third estate had to work for a living.Their wages were lower than those of men. In order to discuss and voice their interests, women started their own political clubs and newspapers. One of their main demands was that women must enjoy the same political rights as men. Some laws were introduced to improve the position of women. Their struggle still continues in several parts of the world. It was finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote. THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY There was a triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and Americas. In the 18th century,there was little criticism of slavery in France. No laws were passed against it. It was in 1794 that the convention freed all slaves. But 10 years later slavery was reintroduced by Napoleon. It was finally in 1848 that slavery was abolished in the French colonies. THE REVOLUTION AND EVERYDAY LIFE The years following 1789 in France saw many changes in the lives of men, women and children.The revolutionary governments took it upon themselves to pass laws that would translate the ideals of liberty and equality into everyday practice. One important law that came into effect was the abolition of censorship. The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution. These spread from France to the rest of Europe during the 19th century. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE In 1804, Napoleon crowned himself emperor of France. He set out to conquer neighboring European countries, dispossessing dynasties and creating kingdoms where he placed members of his family. He saw his role as a modernizer of Europe. He introduced many reforms which had long-lasting effect on Europe. He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS 1. Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France . Ans.Circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France:- A society of estates, and the plight of the third estate French society was divided into three distinct estates: the first estate comprising the clergy, the second estate composed of the nobility, and the third estate made up of tradesmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, peasants, artisans, landless labour and servants. It was only the third estate that was made to pay taxes. The clergy and the nobility were exempt from this rule. In addition to the taxes that were to be paid to the state, peasants had to pay taxes to the Church and feudal dues to the noble lords. It was an unfair situation which led to the growth of a feeling of discontent among the members of the third estate. Subsistence crisis At this time, there was a greater demand for food grains. Due to greater demand than supply, the price of bread (the staple diet of the majority) rose. Due to rising prices and inadequate wages, most of the population could not even afford the basic means of livelihood. This led to a crisis of subsistence, and an increase in the gap between the rich and the poor. A stronger middle class, and popularization of democratic and social ideals The middle class emerged educated and wealthy during the eighteenth century. The system of privileges as promoted by the feudal society was against their interests. Being educated, the members of this class had access to the various ideas of equality and freedom proposed by the French and English political and social philosophers. These ideas got popularized amongst the masses as a result of intensive discussions and debates in salons and coffee-houses, and through books and newspapers. The assembly of the Estates General, and the proposal to increase taxes In order to pass proposals for increasing taxes, the French monarch Louis XVI called together an assembly of the Estates General on 5 May, 1789. Each estate was allowed one vote in this assembly. The thir d estate protested against the unfairness of the proposal. They proposed, instead, that each member should have one vote. The king rejected this appeal, and the representative members of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest. The National Assembly, and the revolting subjects These representative members, led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes, declared themselves a National Assembly, and took an oath to not disperse until they had drafted a constitution for France that would limit the powers of t he monarch and do away with the unjust feudal system of privileges. While this organization was busy drafting a democratic constitution, there were numerous localized rebellions that sought to displace the feudal lords. Meanwhile, the food crisis worsened and the anger of the masses spilled onto the streets. On 14 July, the King ordered troops to move into Paris. In response, several hundreds of agitated men and women formed their own armed groups. One such people’s militia stormed and destroyed the Bastille fortress-prison (representative of the king’s despotic power). This is how the French Revolution came about. 2.Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution? Ans. a. The groups of French Society benefited from the revolution: The richer sections of the Third Estate were the ones who were benefitted maximum from the French Revolution. These were the peasants, workers, petty-officers, lawyers, teachers, doctors, businessmen and traders. Formerly, they were forced to pay all the taxes and were humiliated by the Clergy and Nobles every time. However, after the revolution, they were treated equally with the upper sections of the society. b. Groups of French Society that were forced to relinquish the power: People belonging to the privileged classes - Clergy and Nobles had to relinquish their power and special privileges. The French Revolution led to the society being organised into social equality.