Mainstreaming Biodiversity for Sustainable Development Dinesan Cheruvat Preetha Nilayangode Oommen V Oommen KERALA STATE BIODIVERSITY BOARD Mainstreaming Biodiversity for Sustainable Development Dinesan Cheruvat Preetha Nilayangode Oommen V Oommen KERALA STATE BIODIVERSITY BOARD MAINSTREAMING BIODIVERSITY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Editors Dinesan Cheruvat, Preetha Nilayangode, Oommen V Oommen Editorial Assistant Jithika. M Design & Layout - Praveen K. P ©Kerala State Biodiversity Board-2017 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by - Dr. Dinesan Cheruvat Member Secretary Kerala State Biodiversity Board ISBN No. 978-81-934231-1-0 Citation Dinesan Cheruvat, Preetha Nilayangode, Oommen V Oommen Mainstreaming Biodiversity for Sustainable Development 2017 Kerala State Biodiversity Board, Thiruvananthapuram 500 Pages MAINSTREAMING BIODIVERSITY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IntroduCtion The Hague Ministerial Declaration from the Conference of the Parties (COP 6) to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2002 recognized first the need to mainstream the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources across all sectors of the national economy, the society and the policy-making framework. The concept of mainstreaming was subsequently included in article 6(b) of the Convention on Biological Diversity, which called on the Parties to the Convention to “integrate, as far as possible and as appropriate, the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programs and policies” (p. 6 in CBD, 2003). Petersen and Huntley (2005) defined Mainstreaming Biodiversity as “to internalize the goals of biodiversity conservation and the sustainable use of biological resources into economic sectors and development models, policies and programmes, and therefore into all human behavior.” The STAP/GEF Cape Town expert meeting on mainstreaming biodiversity in October 2013 brought out a definition which is widely used “Biodiversity mainstreaming is the process of embedding biodiversity considerations into policies, strategies and practicesof key public and private actors that impact or rely on biodiversity, so that biodiversity is conserved, and sustainably used, both locally and globally”. The primary framework for the CBD is the “ecosystem approach” for the integrated management of land, water and living resources (CBD, 2014a). Within this context, mainstreaming is often followed at priority landscapes including protected areas and production landscapes such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries and seascapes. It was presumed that the maintenance of ecosystem services will conserve biodiversity – and that conserving biodiversity will secure ecosystem services. But this has not proved true. India has 16 different types of forests which play an important role in India’s economic development in terms of their contribution to GDP, employment, and livelihoods of millions of poor people, who are mainly dependent on forests. For ages Forestry sector pursued a strategy to increase productivity of forests by promoting monoculture plantations at the expense of virgin natural forests. In recent times it is recognized that plantations might provide the ecosystem service of carbon sequestration – but might significantly reduce or eliminate indigenous species. Similarly the intensive agricultural practices have led to the extinction of a rich genepool of resources of domesticated crops. It is recognized now that biodiversity mainstreaming is not only about wild species but also about genetic resources, agricultural biodiversity and crop wild relatives. A major challenge is achieving food security and nutritional security by capitalizing on agro diversity. Biodiversity is the source of wild fisheries, and mainstreaming biodiversity in fisheries policies, programmes and plans is key to sustain the habitats which serve as feeding, spawning and nursery sites which are essential for wild fish populations. Globally 12.7% of the world’s terrestrial, 10% of its coastal and 4% of its marine area have been included in formally designated protected areas by 2010, but 85% of terrestrial and 95% of marine systems are without any protection. Further, effective management systems are in place in less than 40% of the global network of PAs. Of 588 sites listed by the Alliance for Zero Extinction, only 22% fall within existing PAs. Of 993 sites listed as Important Bird Areas, only 28% fall within PAs. In recent times it is acknowledged that to achieve the goals of Aichi Biodiversity Targets, biodiversity conservation will require targeted action within and outside protected areas. The COP 13 held at Mexico during 2016 had the focal theme “Mainstreaming Biodiversity for well being”. Tourism is another sector which can contribute directly to the conservation of sensitive areas and habitats through a variety of activities and by raising awareness of the importance of biodiversity. The UN theme for International day of Biological Diversity on May 22nd 2017 also has the focal theme “Biodiversity and sustainable tourism” reaffirming the relevance of mainstreaming biodiversity in areas that have a negative or positive impact on biodiversity. The major drivers of biodiversity loss are land use change and over exploitation, followed by pollution, invasive species and climatic change and interaction between each of these. Biodiversity is mainly regarded as an environmental issue,and its importance and contribution to different sectors of human production as agriculture, fisheries, tourism are not yet fully understood and accepted. With less than 20% of the earth’s surface ever likely to be managed as officially declared protected areas, conservation work outside such areas is vital. The activities of all economic sectors impact biodiversity in some way and at some level. Mainstreaming strategies can be effectively applied at a range of different levels - local, state, and national level. By mainstreaming biodiversity into sectoral strategies, plans and programmes at local level we recognize the crucial role that biodiversity has for sustainable livelihood. The National seminar on Mainstreaming biodiversity for sustainable development focused on two main aspects 1) Mainstreaming biodiversity into production landscapes as Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2) Conservation, Sustainable utilization and benefit sharing. The present publication book volume is a compilation of selected papers presented during the conference. The first section deals with Mainstreaming biodiversity in three main economic sectors Agriculture, Forestry, Aquatic and in Urban landscapes. The second section focuses on conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity. The concluding chapter focuses on the interventions required at state and local level for effective integration of biodiversity in production in landscapes and seascapes. Oommen V Oommen Dinesan Cheruvat Preetha Nilayangode CONTENTS MAINSTREAMING BIODIVERSITY IN AGRICULTURE Characterization of genotypes of small cardamom (Elettaria 1 cardamomum Maton) for morphological, yield and diseases 3 R. Senthil Kumar, Sharon Aravind, C.N. Biju, and S. J. Ankegowda Registered germplasm of Western Ghats: ICAR-NBPGR regional 2 station, Thrissur initiatve 11 K. Joseph John, M. Latha, M. Abdul Nizar, T. K. Tyagi and J. C. Rana Molecular detection of Vechur cow, the conserved breed of Bos 3 indicus from Kerala 15 S. Anisha, Salini Bhasker and C. Mohankumar A comparative study of the diversity and abundance of the avifauna in 3 different survey locations in Kole wetlands selected according 4 21 to the difference in the use of chemicals and farming practices Raju. S Earthworm resources in relation to habitats and soil factors of 5 Kollam district, Kerala, India, A tropical humid biome 30 G. Achuthan Nair T. G, Vijayamohanan and Anoop Yesodharan On-farm conservation of bitter-less gourds in Kerala homesteads 6 47 Joseph John. K, M. Latha, M. Abdul Nizar and R. Asokan Nair Challenges and strategies for conservation of Wayanad dwarf 7 cattle of Kerala: An introductory study with Desi cattle farmers 55 Muhammed Asif. M and Gayathri, S. L. Performance of watermelon accessions for yield and quality under 8 south Kerala condition 63 S. K. Nisha and I. Sreelathakumary Effect of fungicides and bio control agents on the phylloplane microbial population of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under 9 69 protected cultivation Pawar D., Kurian, P. S. and Cheryan, A. Variation of nutritional traits and seed protein profile of the F1 hybrids of wild and cultivar of Momordica charantia in comparison 10 75 with the parental lines. Haseena Bai. N and Suhara Beevy. S Dairy farmers’ perception and adaptation to climate change: a case 11 study of Wayanad district of Kerala 85 Muhammed Asif. M and Gayathri. S. L. Effect of foliar treatments on non target microorganisms on the 12 phylloplane of cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) 89 Reshma Raj T., Sainamole Kurian. P. Conservation and popularization of indigenous rice seeds in Kerala 13 97 K. Leneesh and S. Usha MAINSTREAMING BIODIVERSITY IN FORESTRY An overview of the protected reptiles of India as per the Indian 14 Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 109 Muhamed Jafer Palot DNA bar coding vs. traditional taxonomy using earthworm as 15 model organism 114 M. Jaya, M. Aja and A. S. Vijayasree