Introductory Handbook on The Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES Cover photo: © Rafael Olivares, Dirección General de Centros Penales de El Salvador. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2018 © United Nations, December 2018. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Preface The first version of the Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders, published in 2012, was prepared for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) by Vivienne Chin, Associate of the International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Canada, and Yvon Dandurand, crimi- nologist at the University of the Fraser Valley, Canada. The initial draft of the first version of the Handbook was reviewed and discussed during an expert group meeting held in Vienna on 16 and 17 November 2011.Valuable suggestions and contributions were made by the following experts at that meeting: Charles Robert Allen, Ibrahim Hasan Almarooqi, Sultan Mohamed Alniyadi, Tomris Atabay, Karin Bruckmüller, Elias Carranza, Elinor Wanyama Chemonges, Kimmett Edgar, Aida Escobar, Angela Evans, José Filho, Isabel Hight, Andrea King-Wessels, Rita Susana Maxera, Marina Menezes, Hugo Morales, Omar Nashabe, Michael Platzer, Roberto Santana, Guy Schmit, Victoria Sergeyeva, Zhang Xiaohua and Zhao Linna. The following UNODC staff members also contributed to the development of the first version of the Handbook: Piera Barzanò, Estela Máris Deon, Fabienne Hariga, Valérie Lebaux, Alexandra Martins, Philipp Meissner, Anna Giudice and Miri Sharon. In 2017, UNODC initiated a revision of the 2012 version of the Handbook, among other things, to consolidate its content and to fully incorporate the provisions of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), which had been adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 70/175 of 17 December 2015. Vivienne Chin and Yvon Dandurand, who had prepared the 2012 version of the Handbook, also prepared the revised version. UNODC staff members Philipp Meissner and Muriel Jourdan-Ethvignot undertook the final review of the revised version. The following UNODC staff members also contributed to the development of the revised version: Piera Barzanò, Anja Busse, Anna Giudice, Sven Pfeiffer, Dayan Farias Picon and Ehab Salah. UNODC wishes to express its gratitude for the support provided by the Government of Qatar for the development of the revised version of the Handbook, including its translation into Arabic, French, Russian and Spanish, under the Global Programme for the Implementa- tion of the Doha Declaration: Towards the Promotion of a Culture of Lawfulness. The revised version of the Handbook is dedicated to prison and probation staff, as well as to service providers and volunteers who work towards fostering the social reintegration of offenders around the world. iii Contents Preface I. Introduction 1 II. Why invest in the social reintegration of offenders? 3 A. Relevant international standards and norms 3 B. What are social reintegration programmes? 5 C. The link between social reintegration and public safety 7 D. The prevention of recidivism and related risk factors 8 III. How to invest in the social reintegration of offenders 11 A. Mapping the legal framework and collecting relevant data 13 B. Fostering inter-agency cooperation 16 IV. Prison-based rehabilitation programmes 19 A. Relevant international standards and norms 20 B. Offender assessments 21 C. Programme categories 24 D. Pre-release interventions and arrangements 37 V. Post-release services and supervision 49 A. Relevant international standards and norms 51 B. Aftercare and re-entry assistance 52 C. Early release programmes 56 D. Offender supervision and the role of the community 59 VI. Non-custodial sanctions 67 A. Relevant international standards and norms 68 B. Sentencing policies and social inquiry reports 69 C. Probation and community service 72 D. Diversion and restorative justice 77 v VII. Special categories of offenders 81 A. Children in conflict with the law 81 B. Women offenders 94 C. Other offenders with special needs or posing special risks 104 Annex. Other relevant publications of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 123 Glossary 125 vi I. Introduction This Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders is a revised version of the 2012 publication with the same title. It is part of a series of practical tools developed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to support countries in preventing crime, implementing criminal justice reforms and strength- ening the rule of law. The tools are meant to assist countries in implementing United Nations standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice. The publication focuses on the prevention of recidivism and emphasizes the crucial importance of effective programmes to supervise and assist offenders and support their social reintegration. Incarcerated offenders face very real challenges at the time of their release, and communities become unsafe when offenders are released without adequate preparation, supervision or support. Following the publication of the first version of the Handbook, in 2012, two important events occurred that re-emphasized the importance of the rehabilitation and social reintegration of offenders. The first event was the adoption in 2015 of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules) (General Assembly resolu- tion 70/175, annex); relevant provisions of the Nelson Mandela Rules are reflected in the present version of the Handbook. The second event was the development by UNODC of the Global Programme for the Implementation of the Doha Declaration: Towards the Promotion of a Culture of Lawfulness, which followed the adoption of the Doha Declaration on Inte- grating Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice into the Wider United Nations Agenda to Address Social and Economic Challenges and to Promote the Rule of Law at the National and International Levels, and Public Participation (Assembly resolution 70/174, annex) at the end of the Thirteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, held in Doha in April 2015. This four-year initiative includes a major component on fostering prisoner rehabilitation, reflecting Member States’ commitment, expressed in the Doha Declaration (Assembly resolution 70/174, annex, para. 5 (j)), to implement and enhance policies for prison inmates that focus on education, work, medical care, rehabilitation, social reintegration and the prevention of recidivism, and to consider the development and strength- ening of policies to support the families of inmates, as well as to promote and encourage the use of alternatives to imprisonment, where appropriate, and to review or reform restora- tive justice and other processes in support of successful reintegration. The Handbook introduces readers to promising practices and programmes for reducing recidi- vism by addressing the social reintegration challenges faced by all offenders, in particular by those who are or have been incarcerated. The tool can be used in a variety of contexts, 1 2 INTRODUCTORY HANDBOOK ON THE PREVENTION OF RECIDIVISM AND THE SOCIAL REINTEGRATION OF OFFENDERS including as part of technical assistance and capacity-building projects. It is meant, however, to be particularly helpful in supporting reforms and programme development in low- and middle-income countries.1 The target audience of the Handbook is anyone involved in the criminal justice process, including policymakers, legislators, judges, law enforcement officials, prison managers and staff, probation and parole officers, service providers, members of non- governmental organizations (NGOs) and other stakeholders interested in crime prevention and the treatment of offenders. While the Handbook is not prescriptive, it is informed by evidence on successful social rein- tegration practices and provides, where appropriate, advice on programme design and delivery. It offers, in a quick reference format, an overview of key considerations in implementing social reintegration programmes with frequent references to applicable international standards and norms. It covers programmes that can be delivered during and after imprisonment and, to a lesser extent, programmes that can be offered as an alternative to imprisonment. Special attention is given to programmes that focus on the re-entry of offenders into the community.2 Chapter II emphasizes the importance for countries and communities of investing in social reintegration programmes, including by introducing key concepts, terminology and relevant international standards and norms. Chapter III provides a review of lessons learned and research on the successful implementation of reintegration programmes and offers