Downloaded by [New York University] at 05:35 16 August 2016 The Idea of the Cottage in English Architecture, 1760–1860 The Idea of the Cottage in English Architecture is a history of the late Georgian phenomenon of the architect-designed cottage and the architectural discourse that articulated it. It is a study of small buildings built on country estates and not so small buildings built in picturesque rural settings, resort towns and suburban developments. At the heart of the English idea of the cottage is the Classical notion of retreat from the city to the countryside. This idea was adopted and adapted by the Augustan-infused culture of eighteenth-century England where it gained popularity with writers, artists, architects and their wealthy patrons who from the later eighteenth-century commissioned retreats, gate-lodges, estate workers’ housing and seaside villas designed to ‘appear as cottages’. The enthusiasm for cottages within polite society did not last. By the mid- nineteenth century, cottage-related building and book publishing had slowed and the idea of the cottage itself was eventually lost beneath the Tudor barge-boards and decorative chimneystacks of the Historic Revival. And yet while both designer and consumer have changed over time, the idea of the cottage as the ideal rural retreat continues to resonate through English architecture and English culture. Daniel Maudlin is Professor of Modern History at the University of Plymouth. He has previously worked as an Inspector of Historic Buildings for Historic Scotland and held positions at Dalhousie University, the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Glasgow. From farmhouses Downloaded by [New York University] at 05:35 16 August 2016 in Nova Scotia to aristocratic retreats on English country estates, his work focuses on the social meanings of design and the consumption of domestic architecture in the early modern British Atlantic world. He also writes about vernacular architecture, theory and the everyday. Routledge Research in Architecture The Routledge Research in Architecture series provides the reader with the latest scholarship in the field of architecture. The series publishes research from across the globe and covers areas as diverse as architectural history and theory, technology, digital architecture, structures, materials, details, design, monographs of architects, interior design and much more. By making these studies available to the worldwide academic community, the series aims to promote quality architectural research. An Architecture of Parts Architects, Building Workers and Industrialisation in Britain 1940–1970 Christine Wall Towards an Articulated Phenomenological Interpretation of Architecture Phenomenal phenomenology M. 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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Maudlin, Daniel. The idea of the cottage in English architecture, 1760-1860 / Daniel Maudlin. pages cm. -- (Routledge research in architecture) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Architect-designed houses--England--History--18th century. 2. Architect-designed houses--England--History--19th century. 3. Architecture, Georgian--England. 4. Cottages--England--History-- 18th century. 5. Cottages--England--History--19th century. 6. Architecture and society--England--History--18th century. 7. Architecture and society--England--History--19th century. I. Title. NA7328.M38 2015 728Ј.37094209033--dc23 2015005220 ISBN: 978-1-138-79387-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-76076-6 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon Downloaded by [New York University] at 05:35 16 August 2016 by Saxon Graphics Ltd, Derby Contents List of figures ix Preface xiii Introduction 1 1 The cottage, rural retreat and the simple life 17 2 The cottage in English architecture 31 3 The architect-designed cottage 45 4 The cottage in Arcadia 67 5 Architects, patrons and connoisseurs 85 6 Habitations of the labourer 103 7 The appreciation of cottages 121 8 Re-imagining the vernacular 137 9 The cottage ornée 161 10 The cottages of Old England 177 Downloaded by [New York University] at 05:35 16 August 2016 Index 193 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 05:35 16 August 2016 Figures 1.1 Thomas Gainsborough, Cottage Door with Playing Children, 1788 25 2.1 William Chambers, ‘Primitive Buildings of Conical and Cubic Form’, A Treatise on Civil Architecture in which the principles of that art are laid down, 1759 35 2.2 John Plaw, Plate 1, ‘Plan, Elevation and Sections for a Hermitage in the Garden of Green Park Lodge’, Ferme Ornee or Rural Improvements, London, 1795 36 2.3 John Plaw, Plate 12, ‘Shepherd’s Huts or Cottages’, Rural Architecture or Designs from the simple cottage to the decorated villa, 1794 38 3.1 The cottage on the lake, Stourhead, Wiltshire 47 3.2 Queen Charlotte’s Cottage, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, early twentieth century 48 3.3 George Richardson, drawing of a cottage for Kedleston Hall, Derbyshire, 1770 50 3.4 George Richardson, Figure 1, ‘Plans and Elevations of Cottages’, New Designs in Architecture, consisting of plans, elevations and sections for various buildings, etc, 1788 51 3.5 Estate cottage, Milton Abbas, Dorset 52 3.6 John Plaw, Plate XII, ‘circular Cottage’, Sketches for Country Houses, Villas and Rural Dwellings, 1800 53 Downloaded by [New York University] at 05:35 16 August 2016 3.7 John Swete, ‘Cottage of the Honourable General Vaughan’, 1792 54 3.8 John Plaw, Plate VII, ‘Design for a Larger Cottage or Farm House’, Rural Architecture or Designs from the simple cottage to the decorated villa, 1794 54 x Figures 3.9 Richard Elsam, Plate I, ‘Elevations of the entrance and eating room fronts of a single Rustic Cottage designed for the Rev. Wm. Uvedale, proposed to be erected in the County of Suffolk’, An Essay on Rural Architecture, London, 1803 56 3.10 Estate cottage, monogrammed ‘GT’, Moggerhanger Park, Bedfordshire 58 4.1 Triumphal arch gate-lodge, Berrington Hall, Herefordshire 71 4.2 John Swete, ‘Fordland Cottage: belonging to James White Esq’, 1797 73 4.3 Estate cottage, Ridgmont, Bedfordshire 74 4.4 Estate cottage, Lidlington, Bedfordshire 74 4.5 Milton Abbas, Dorset 75 4.6 The Street, New Houghton, Houghton Hall, Norfolk 76 4.7 West Bridge Cottages, Tavistock, Devon 77 4.8 Plan of Blaise Hamlet, Bristol 78 4.9 Plan of Calverley Park, Tunbridge Wells, Kent 79 6.1 Thomas Gainsborough, Mr and Mrs Andrews, 1748–9 105 6.2 John Wood the Younger, ‘Cottages with Two Rooms’, A Series of Plans for Cottages or Habitations of the Labourer, 2nd edn, Bath, 1806 110 6.3 Nathaniel Kent, ‘Two Brick Cottages of the Smallest Size’, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property, London, 1775 112 6.4 John Claudius Loudon, Design XVII, ‘A Dwelling with Two Rooms and a Bed-Closet’, The Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm and Villa Architecture, 1834 116 7.1 John Swete, ‘Cottage at Powderham’, 1799 126 7.2 John Swete, ‘Cottage on Dartmoor’, 1797 127 7.3 Willy Lott’s Cottage, Flatford Bridge, Dedham Vale, Suffolk 130 7.4 Humphry Repton, ‘‘View from My Own Cottage in Essex’,