The Law Commission Working Paper No. 87 and The Scottish Law Commission Consultative Memorandum No. 62 Private International Law 2 Choice of Law in Tort and Delict LONDON H ER MAJ ESTY 'S STAT10 N ERY 0 F FIC E f6.25 net The Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission were set up by the Law Commissions Act 1965 for the purpose of promoting the reform of the law I The Law Commissioners are: .'. The Honourable Mr Justice Ralph Gibson, Chairman Mr Brian Davenport, Q.C. Professor Julian Farrand Mrs Brenda Hoggett Dr Peter North Thesecretaryof theLawCommission isMrJ.G.H.Gassonandits offices are at Conquest House, 37-38 John Street, Theobald's Road, London, WC1 N 2BQ. The Scottish Law Commissioners are: The Honourable Lord Maxwell, Chairman Mr R. D. D. Bertram, W.S. Dr E. M. Clive Mr. J. Murray, Q.C. Sheriff C. G. B. Nicholson, Q.C. The Secretary of the Scottish Law Commission is Mr R. Eadie and its offices are at 140 Causewayside. Edinburgh, EH9 1 PR. This consultation paper, completed for publication on 28 September 1984, is circulated for comment and criticism only. It does not rewesent the final views of the two Law Commissions. I The Law Commissions would be grateful for comments on the consultation paper before 16 July 1985 All correspondence should be addressed to MrR J Dormer MissJ McLeod Law Cornmission or Scottish Law Commission Conquest House 140 Causewayside 37-38 John Street Edinburgh EH9 1 PR Theobald's Road London WC1 N 2BQ (Tel 01-242 0861, ext 227) (Tet 031-668 2131, ext 25) The Law Commission Working Paper No. 87 and The Scottish Law Commission Consultative Memorandum No. 62 Private International Law Choice of Law in Tort and Delict LONDON HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE ' ' @Crown copyright 1984 First published 1984 ' ISBN 0 11 730168 X 393-1 27-01 L6 1 /258/4C THE LAW COMMISSION Working Paper No. 87 AND THE SCOTTISH LAW COMMISSION Consultative Memorandum No. 62 PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW CHOICE OF LAW IN TORT AND DELICT TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraphs & PART I - INTRODUCTION 1 A. The problem described 1.1 - 1.5 1 B. The origin of this project 1.6 4 C. Preparation of this paper 1.7 - 1.8 5 D. Structure of this paper 1.9 - 1.10 5 PART I1 - THE PRESENT LAW 7 General Introduction 2.1 7 The law of England and Wales and of Northern Ireland 2.2 - 2.36 7 A. Introduction 2.2 - 2.3 7 B. The general rule: Phillips v. Eyre 2.4 - 2.22 8 1. The emergence of the general rule 2.4 - 2.7 8 2. The general rule in more detail 2.8 - 2.21 10 (a) The first limb of the general ' rule 2.8 - 2.13 10 (b) The second limb of the general rule 2.14 - 2.21 I5 3. Summary 2.22 20 (iii) Paragraphs & C. An exception to the general rule: v. Chaplin 2.23 - 2.36 20 1. When will the exception be used? 2.23 - 2.27 20 2. The nature of the exception 2.28 - 2.36 23 The law of Scotland 2.37 - 2.46 28 Torts or delicts committed in a single jurisdiction within the United Kingdom 2.47 - 2.48 36 Particular consequences of the rules in Phillips v. Eyre and McElroy v. McAllister '2.49 - 2.105 38 A. Introduction 2.49 - 2.52 38 B. The Issues 2.53 - 2.105 39 1. Vicarious liability 2.53 - 39 2. Defences 2.54 - 2.55 40 3. Damages 2.56 40 4. Limitations on recovery 2.57 - 2.58 42 5. Prescription and limitation of actions 2.59 - 2.60 43 6. Transmission of claims on death: the survival of actions 2.61 - 2.66 45 (a) The law of England and Wales and of Northern Ireland 2.62 - 2.63 45 (b) The law of Scotland 2.64 - 2.66 47 7. Wrongful death as a cause of action 2.67 - 2.76 48 (a) Introduction 2.67 - 2.68 48 (b) The law of England and Wales and of Northern Ireland 2.69 - 2.73 48 (c) The law of Scotland 2.74 - 2.76 51 8. Husband and wife 2.77 - 2.79 52 9. Foreign land 2.80 - 2.81 54 Paragraphs 10. Contribution 2.82 - 2.84 54 1I. Indemnity 2.85 56 12. Tort or delict and contract 2.86 - 2.101 56 (a) Wrong is both a tort or delict and a breach of contract 2.87 - 2.88 56 (b) Contractual defence to a claim in tort or delict 2.89 - 2.101 57 13. Third party rights against insurers 2.102 - 2.105 63 Torts and delicts at sea 2.106 - 2.112 66 A. Torts and delicts committed on the continental shelf 2.106 66 B. Other torts and delicts committed on the high seas 2.107 - 2.110 67 1. Torts and delicts not confined to one ship 2.107 - 2.109 67 2. Torts and delicts confined to one ship 2.110 70 C. Torts and delicts committed in foreign waters 2.111 - 2.112 70 1. Torts and delicts not confined to one ship 2.111 70 2. Torts and delicts confined to one ship 2.112 71 Torts and delicts in flight 2.113 - 2.114 71 PART 111 - THE CASE FOR REFORM 73 A. The present law is anomalous 3.1 - 3.7 73 B. The present law leads to injustice 3.8 - 3.10 77 C. The present law is uncertain 3.11 - 3.13 79 D. Forum shopping 3.14 - 3.16 80 E. Conclusion: can no better rule be found? 3.17 - 3.18 82 (V) Paragraphs & PART 1V - THE OPTIONS FOR REFORM 83 A. Introduction 4.1 - 4.2 83 B. General considerations 4.3 - 4.23 84 1. Matters which would be unaffected by our proposals 4.3 - 4.8 84 (a) Procedure 4.4 84 (b) Mandatory rules 4.5 84 (c) Public policy 4.6 85 (d) Special choice of law rules 4.7 85 (e) Jurisdiction 4.8 86 2. The expectations of the parties 4.9 - 4.13 86 3. The need for certainty in the . law, and the tension between certainty and refinement 4.14 - 4.18 89 (a) The need for certainty 4.14 - 4.15 89 (b) The tension between certainty and refinement 4;16- 4.18 90 4. The relevance of the problem of ascertaining foreign law 4.19 - 4.20 92 5. Agreement as to the applicable law 4.21 93 6. Uniformity of result 4.22 93 7. Renvoi 4.23 94 C. The options for reform 4.24 - 4.142 94 1. Options based on the lex fori 4.24 - 4.34 94 (a) The lex fori as the uniquely applicable law 4.24 - 4.29 94 (b) The lex fori as basic rule subject to displacement 4.30 - 4.34 97 2. Three rule-selecting approaches 4.35 - 4.54 99 (a) Governmental interest ana 1 y si s 4.36 - 4.45 100 (vi) Paragraphs (i) In principle 4.38 - 4.40 101 (ii) In practice 4.41 - 4.45 103 (b) Principles of preference 4.46 - 4.50 107 (c) Choice-influencing considerations 4.51 - 4.54 110 3. Options based on the lex loci delicti 4.55 - 4.125 112 (a) Reasons for applying the ---lex loci delicti 4.55 - 4.60 112 (b) The definition of the locus delicti in multi-state cases 4.61 - 4.91 116 (i) Introduction 4.61 - 4.66 116 (ii) The present law 4.67 - 4.68 119 (iii) The "place of acting" rule or the "place of result" rule 4.69 - 4.77 120 (iv) Definition of the locus delicti in multi-state cases of personal injury, death, and damage to property 4.78 - 4.82 125 (v) Definition of the locus delicti in other multi-state cases 4.83 - 4.89 128 (vi) Conclusions on the definition of the locus delicti in multi-state cases 4.90 - 4.91 132 (c) The lex loci delicti may not always be appropriate 4.92 - 4.125 133 (i) Possible specific exceptions to the application of the ---lex loci delicti 4.97 - 4.114 138 (a) Common personal law exception 4.98 - 4.102 139 (b) Pre-existing relationship exception 4.103 - 4.109 141 (c) Common enterprise exception 4.110 - 4.114 144 (vi9 Paragraphs (ii) Our provisional conclusions on specific exceptions 4.115 - 4.117 146 (iii) A general exception 4.118 - 4.123 148 (iv) A possible cumulative scheme 4.124 151 (v) The relationship between the general exception and the definition of the locus delicti in multi-state cases not involving personal injury, death, or damage to property 4.125 152 4. The "proper law of the tort" and the Restatement Second 4.126 - 4.142 153 D. Summary 4.143 - 4.146 163 PART V - OUR PREFERRED OPTIONS AS APPLIED TO PARTICULAR TYPES OF TORT AND DELICT I67 A. Introduction 5.1 - 5.3 167 B. Two special aspects of personal injury, death, and damage to property 5.4 - 5.25 168 1. Traffic accidents 5.4 - 5.5 168 2. Products liability 5.6 - 5.25 169 (a) Introduction 5.6 - 5.7 169 (b) The multi-state case 5.8 - 5-24 169 (i) Does a country other than the country of injury have a greater prima facie claim to application in a multi-state case? 5.15 - 5.22 174 (a) Claimant's habitual residence 5.15 174 (b) Country of manufacture 5.16 175 (c) Producer's place of business 5.17 175 (viii) Paragraphs & (d) Country of acquisition 5.18 - 5.22 176 (ii) Foreseeability 5.23 - 5.24 178 (c) Conclusions 5.25 179 C.