FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER DISTRICT OF OREGON LISA C. HAY Federal Public Defender Oliver W. Loewy STEPHEN R. SADY 101 SW Main Street, Suite 1700 Elizabeth G. Daily Chief Deputy Defender Portland, OR 97204 Conor Huseby Gerald M. Needham Robert Hamilton Thomas J. Hester 503-326-2123 / Fax: 503-326-5524 Bryan Francesconi Ruben L. Iñiguez Ryan Costello Anthony D. Bornstein Branch Offices: Irina Hughes▲ Susan Russell Kurt D. Hermansen▲ Francesca Freccero 859 Willamette Street 15 Newtown Street Devin Huseby + C. Renée Manes Suite 200 Medford, OR 97501 Kimberly-Claire E. Seymour▲ Nell Brown Eugene, OR 97401 541-776-3630 Jessica Snyder Kristina Hellman 541-465-6937 Fax: 541-776-3624 Cassidy R. Rice Fidel Cassino-DuCloux Fax: 541-465-6975 Alison M. Clark In Memoriam Brian Butler + Nancy Bergeson Thomas E. Price 1951 – 2009 Michelle Sweet Mark Ahlemeyer ▲ Eugene Office Susan Wilk + Medford Office Research /Writing Attorney DEVELOPMENTS IN FEDERAL SEARCH AND SEIZURE LAW Stephen R. Sady Chief Deputy Federal Public Defender October 2020 Update Madeleine Rogers Law Clerk TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 B. What Constitutes A Search? ............................................................................................ 3 C. What Constitutes A Seizure? ......................................................................................... 14 D. Reasonable Expectation of Privacy ............................................................................... 19 E. Probable Cause .............................................................................................................. 21 1. Probable Cause To Search ................................................................................. 21 2. Probable Cause To Arrest. ................................................................................. 23 F. Searches And Seizures Pursuant To A Warrant ............................................................ 24 1. Controverted Warrant Affidavit ........................................................................ 26 2. Controverted Statements.................................................................................... 26 3. Overbreadth ....................................................................................................... 27 4. Particularity ....................................................................................................... 28 5. Obvious Lack Of Probable Cause ..................................................................... 30 6. Product Of Prior Illegality ................................................................................. 31 7. Manner Of Execution ........................................................................................ 31 8. Role Of Judicial Officer .................................................................................... 32 9. Arrest Warrants .................................................................................................. 33 G. Warrantless Searches And Seizures .............................................................................. 34 1. Consent .............................................................................................................. 34 2. Plain View ......................................................................................................... 39 3. Investigative Stops Less Intrusive Than Arrest ................................................. 40 4. Incident To Arrest .............................................................................................. 49 i 5. Exigent Circumstances ...................................................................................... 54 6. Automobiles And Other Vehicles ...................................................................... 59 7. Inventory ............................................................................................................ 60 8. Special Needs And Administrative Searches .................................................... 60 9. Border Searches ................................................................................................. 63 H. Fruit Of The Poisonous Tree ......................................................................................... 65 1. Independent Source Rule ................................................................................... 65 2. Inevitable Discovery .......................................................................................... 66 3. Attenuation ........................................................................................................ 67 4. Witness Testimony ............................................................................................ 68 5. Impeachment ..................................................................................................... 69 6. Nature Of Illegal Intrusion ................................................................................ 69 7. Type Of Proceeding. .......................................................................................... 69 I. Discovery ....................................................................................................................... 70 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 70 ii DEVELOPMENTS IN FEDERAL SEARCH AND SEIZURE LAW Stephen R. Sady Chief Deputy Federal Public Defender District of Oregon October 2020 A. Introduction The federal courts are the scene of an ongoing struggle between the government’s need to secure evidence to convict law-breakers and the individual’s interest in being free from government intrusions. The Fourth Amendment sets out the language central to this conflict: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. For attorneys representing criminal defendants, court decisions on search and seizure often seem to overwhelmingly favor the interests of law enforcement. For over thirty years, we have been compiling cases in which defendants and civil rights plaintiffs have prevailed. By focusing on successful Fourth Amendment arguments, we hope to provide raw material for criminal defense lawyers to fashion suppression motions, based on chronology and causation, that can enforce our clients’ rights against government overreach while supporting an expansive view of the Fourth Amendment’s protections. In federal court, in most cases, federal law provides the relevant authority in assessing the legality of a search. In federal prosecutions, even searches solely by state officers are judged only against federal standards. United States v. Chavez-Vernaza, 844 F.2d 1368, 1372-74 (9th Cir. 1987). There are exceptions, such as the standard for arrest and detention where, in the absence of an applicable federal statute, the law of the state where the warrantless arrest takes place determines its validity. United States v. Shephard, 21 F.3d 933, 936 (9th Cir. 1994); United States v. Mota, 982 F.2d 1384, 1387 (9th Cir. 1993). Favorable state court precedents construing the Fourth Amendment provide persuasive authority equal to federal interpretations. See Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 493 n.35 (1976). B. What Constitutes A Search? The first requirement for a search is government action, because private intrusions, no matter how invasive, do not implicate the Fourth Amendment. Walter v. United States, 447 U.S. 649, 657 (1980); Burdeau v. McDowell, 256 U.S. 465, 475 (1921). Foreign law enforcement officials are treated as private actors for Fourth Amendment purposes. United States v. Odoni, 782 F.3d 1226, 1238-39 (11th Cir. 2015). 3 COUNTERPOINT – Where a private party acts as an “instrument or agent” of the state in effecting a search, Fourth Amendment interests are implicated. Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 487 (1971). In determining whether the actions of a private person are attributable to the government, the Ninth Circuit set out a two-part test: (1) whether the government knew of and acquiesced in the conduct; and (2) whether the party performing the search intended to assist law enforcement. United States v. Walther, 652 F.2d 788, 791-93 (9th Cir. 1981) (an airport employee’s actions were attributable to the government, even though the government had no knowledge of the particular search, because government officials previously paid the employee to search bags); see also United States v. Reed, 15 F.3d 928, 930-33 (9th Cir. 1994) (a hotel manager acted as government agent when the manager reported a guest’s suspicious activity to police and police were present while the manager searched the guest’s room). The Fourth Amendment is also triggered when government actors exceed the scope of the initial private search. United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 104 (1984). Police exceed the scope of private searches when they examine a closed container not previously opened by the private party unless they are “substantially certain” of what is inside. United States v. Runyan, 275 F.3d 449, 463-64 (5th Cir. 2001) (analogizing digital media storage devices to containers and ruling police exceeded