Estimating the cost of sanitation infrastructure for selected sites in Khayelitsha in City of Cape Town Final April 2016 Research commissioned by the International Budget Partnership (IBP) working in partnership with the Social Justice Coalition (SJC) FINAL APRIL 2016 Khayelitsha Sanitation Report I Version control of drafts submitted Date submitted Draft number shown on cover Name of file 2016.03.29 2016.03.29 Sanitation Report 2016.03.30 First Draft 2016.03.30 Sanitation Report v1 2016.04.01 First Draft v.2 2016.04.01 Sanitation Report v2 2016.04.04 Final Draft 2016.04.04 Sanitation Report Final Draft 2016.04.14 Final Draft v2 2016.04.14 Sanitation Report Final Draft v2 2016.04.17 Final Khayelitsha Sanitation Costing Report Final Project team – Conrad Barberton Senior Researchers with Matthew Townsend Cornerstone Economic Research Jonathan Carter www.cornerstonesa.net FINAL APRIL 2016 Khayelitsha Sanitation Report II Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... VIII 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 CONTEXT ISSUES FOR THE SANITATION COSTING MODEL .................................................................. 3 2.1 NATURE AND LOCATION OF THE SANITATION BACKLOG IN CAPE TOWN..................................................................... 3 2.2 TOILET TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS .................................................................................................................................. 4 2.3 CONSTRAINT FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE ROLLOUT OF FULL-FLUSH TOILETS ............................................................ 5 2.4 ANALYSIS OF CAPE TOWN’S BUDGETS FROM A SANITATION PERSPECTIVE ................................................................. 7 3 THE SANITATION COSTING MODEL ............................................................................................................... 8 3.1 COSTING MODELS AS A POLICY TOOL ......................................................................................................................... 8 3.2 PURPOSE OF THE COSTING MODEL .............................................................................................................................. 8 3.3 PROCESSES TO DEVELOP THE COSTING MODEL ........................................................................................................... 9 3.4 SOURCES OF DATA ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.5 DESIGN OF THE SANITATION COSTING MODEL........................................................................................................... 9 3.5.1 Geographic areas covered............................................................................................................................ 10 3.5.2 Model setting options for running scenarios ................................................................................................. 11 3.5.3 Technology options....................................................................................................................................... 14 3.5.4 Modelling the constraint factors ................................................................................................................... 15 3.5.5 General assumptions .................................................................................................................................... 15 3.5.6 Presentation of the costing results ................................................................................................................ 16 4 OVERALL FINDINGS FROM THE SANITATION COSTING MODEL ...................................................... 19 4.1 UNIT COST OF EACH OF THE OPTIONS – CAPITAL, OPERATIONAL AND COMBINED ...................................................... 19 4.2 CUMULATIVE COST OF SERVICING 45 HOUSEHOLDS OVER A TEN-YEAR PERIOD ........................................................ 21 4.3 COST IMPACT OF CONSTRAINT FACTORS ................................................................................................................... 22 5 SANITATION ROLLOUT SCENARIOS ............................................................................................................ 23 5.1 CASE STUDY AREAS AND SCENARIO OVERVIEW........................................................................................................ 24 5.2 PARAMETERS USED TO DEVELOP THE SCENARIOS ..................................................................................................... 24 5.3 ENKANINI SCENARIOS – WARD 109 .......................................................................................................................... 26 5.4 CT SECTION SCENARIOS – WARD 18 ........................................................................................................................ 30 5.5 RR SECTION SCENARIOS – WARD 89 ........................................................................................................................ 34 5.6 TR SECTION SCENARIOS........................................................................................................................................... 38 ANNEXURE 1: TOILET TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS ................................................................................................ 46 1. Packet latrines ........................................................................................................................................................ 47 2. Pit latrines .............................................................................................................................................................. 48 3. Eco latrines ............................................................................................................................................................ 49 4. Twin pit pour-flush toilets ....................................................................................................................................... 50 5. Biogas toilets .......................................................................................................................................................... 51 6. Incinerating toilets .................................................................................................................................................. 52 7. Urine diversion dry toilets ...................................................................................................................................... 53 8. Portable flush toilets ............................................................................................................................................... 54 9. Chemical toilets ...................................................................................................................................................... 55 10. Full-flush toilets .................................................................................................................................................... 57 ANNEXURE 2: ANALYSIS OF CAPE TOWN’S BUDGET FROM A SANITATION PERSPECTIVE .............. 59 1. Budget information analysed .................................................................................................................................. 61 2. Information in the budget on sanitation service delivery ........................................................................................ 61 3. Capital Expenditure ............................................................................................................................................... 65 4. Capital projects ...................................................................................................................................................... 69 5. Summary ................................................................................................................................................................ 70 ANNEXURE 3: ENKANINI SCENARIOS .................................................................................................................... 74 ANNEXURE 4: RR SECTION SCENARIOS ............................................................................................................... 77 FINAL APRIL 2016 Khayelitsha Sanitation Report III ANNEXURE 5: CT SECTION SCENARIOS ................................................................................................................ 86 ANNEXURE 6: TR SECTION SCENARIOS ................................................................................................................ 92 FINAL APRIL 2016 Khayelitsha Sanitation Report IV LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: TOILET FACILITIES FOR HOUSEHOLDS IN CAPE TOWN ............................................................................................................. 1 TABLE 2: CONSTRAINTS ON THE ROLLOUT OF SANITATION SERVICES TO INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS.................................................................. 6 TABLE 3: DATA SOURCES USED TO BUILD THE SANITATION COSTING MODEL ........................................................................................... 9 TABLE 4: KEY ASSUMPTIONS AND VARIABLES BY TECHNOLOGY OPTION ................................................................................................