EFFECTIVE TIME MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF QATAR NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATONS (NGOs) by SALEH HAMAD AL-MARRI A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy JUNE 2019 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION...................................................................................................................... 6 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... 9 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .............................................................................. 10 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 15 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 15 1.1 UNDERSTANDING TIME MANAGEMENT ......................................................................... 17 1.2 THE STUDY IN CONTEXT................................................................................................. 19 1.3 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................ 24 1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................................................................................. 26 1.5 RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ............................................................................... 27 1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................. 27 1.7 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ..................................................................................... 28 1.8 RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION ........................................................................................... 29 1.9 STRUCTURE OF STUDY ................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................. 33 2.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 33 2.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS ................................................................................................... 33 2.1.1 TIME .............................................................................................................................. 33 2.1.2 TIME MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................................... 34 2.1.3 ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE ................................................................................. 36 2.2 THEORIES ON TIME MANAGEMENT ................................................................................ 37 2.3 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TIME MANAGEMENT BEHAVIOURS IN SMALL ORGANISATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 39 2.3.1 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SKILLS .................................................................... 40 2.3.2 WORK-LIFE BALANCE FACTORS ..................................................................................... 40 2.3.3 ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS .......................................................................................... 41 2.3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ..................................................................................... 42 2.3.5 THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ............................................................... 43 2.4 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TIME MANAGEMENT BEHAVIOURS IN NGOS .................. 43 2.5 THE INFLUENCES OF CULTURAL FACTORS ................................................................... 45 2.5.1 NATIONAL CULTURE ..................................................................................................... 46 2.5.2 HOFSTEDE’S CULTURAL DIMENSIONS ........................................................................... 47 2.5.3 TROMPENAARS AND HAMPDEN-TURNER’S DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE .......................... 52 2 2.5.4 HALL’S CULTURAL FACTORS ....................................................................................... 56 2.6 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF EFFECTIVE TIME MANAGEMENT .............................. 64 2.7 EFFECTIVE TIME MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE .................. 66 2.7.1 TIME MANAGEMENT OF NGOS IN QATAR ..................................................................... 68 2.7.2 EFFECT OF TIME MANAGEMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH LIVED (EXPERIENCED) TIME AND FIXED (SEQUENTIAL TIME) IN ORGANISATIONS IN QATAR. ........................................................ 69 2.7.3 ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF QATAR NGOS .................................................... 70 2.8 MOTIVATION ................................................................................................................... 72 2.9 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER THREE: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .................................................... 78 3.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 78 3.1 THE CONCEPT OF TIME MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 78 3.1.1 JOB SATISFACTION ........................................................................................................ 79 3.1.2 MOTIVATION ................................................................................................................. 80 3.1.3 INDIVIDUAL GOALS ....................................................................................................... 80 3.1.4 JOB PERFORMANCE ....................................................................................................... 82 3.1.5 THE JOB CONTEXT ........................................................................................................ 83 3.1.6 EFFECTIVE PLANNING ................................................................................................... 86 3.1.7 SETTING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................. 86 3.1.8 DELEGATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................ 86 3.1.9 PRIORITIZING ACTIVITIES ACCORDING TO THEIR IMPORTANCE ...................................... 87 3.2 CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ................................................................ 87 3.2.1 CULTURAL FACTORS ..................................................................................................... 89 3.2.2 ROLE OF IT IN TIME MANAGEMENT ............................................................................... 90 3.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS .......................................................................................... 92 3.2.4 INTERNAL CULTURE OF AN ORGANISATION ................................................................... 93 3.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................... 96 3.4 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 99 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................... 100 4.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 100 4.1 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY .............................................................................................. 102 4.2 RESEARCH APPROACH - QUANTITATIVE OR QUALITATIVE APPROACH OR MIXED RESEARCH .............................................................................................................................. 105 4.2.1 MIXED METHODS RESEARCH ....................................................................................... 107 4.2.2 PRAGMATISM .............................................................................................................. 108 4.2.1 DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE APPROACHES .................................................................. 109 4.3 RESEARCH STRATEGY .................................................................................................. 110 4.3.1 CASE STUDY STRATEGY............................................................................................... 111 4.3.2 MULTI-CASE STUDY APPROACH ................................................................................... 112 4.3.3 PILOT CASE STUDIES - EXAMPLE OF TWO NGOS ........................................................ 115 4.4 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................... 117 4.4.1 PRIMARY DATA ........................................................................................................... 117 4.4.2 SECONDARY DATA ...................................................................................................... 121 4.5