Family: Arecaceae Taxon: Howea forsteriana Synonym: Common Name Kentia palm Sentry palm Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 3 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 y 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 10/13/2010 Howea forsteriana (Arecaceae) Page 1 of 6 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: EVALUATE WRA Score 3 Print Date: 10/13/2010 Howea forsteriana (Arecaceae) Page 2 of 6 Supporting Data: 101 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. An encyclopedia of No evidence cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 201 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. An encyclopedia of endemic to low, coastal elevations on Lord Howe IslandThe palm grows in cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portland, OR. zones 10 and 11. 202 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. An encyclopedia of endemic to low, coastal elevations on Lord Howe IslandThe palm grows in cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portland, OR. zones 10 and 11. 203 2003. Floridata. Howea forsteriana. Kentia palm grows naturally only on the Lord Howe Island group, in the Tasman Floridata.com, Tallahassee, Florida sea about 500 mi (804 km) off the eastern coast of New South Wales, Australia. http://www.floridata.com/ref/H/howe_for.cfm The climate on Lord Howe Island is subtropical, warm to cool. Kentia palms grow in extensive colonies at low to moderate altitudes, less than 2870 ft (875 m) above sea level. 204 2003. Floridata. Howea forsteriana. Kentia palm grows naturally only on the Lord Howe Island group, in the Tasman Floridata.com, Tallahassee, Florida sea about 500 mi (804 km) off the eastern coast of New South Wales, Australia. http://www.floridata.com/ref/H/howe_for.cfm The climate on Lord Howe Island is subtropical, warm to cool. Kentia palms grow in extensive colonies at low to moderate altitudes, less than 2870 ft (875 m) above sea level. 205 2006. Savolainen, V./Anstett, M-C./Lexer, Howea forsteriana, the kentia palm, is one of the most widely traded houseplants C./Hutton, I./Clarkson, J. J./Norup, M. V./Powell, in the world & is worth over e7 million per year in the Dutch horticultural industry M. P./Springate, D./Salamin, N./Baker, W. J.. alone. Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic island. Nature. 441: 210-213. 301 2001. Ragone, D./Lorence, D. H./Flynn. T.. Listed as cultivated, but not naturalized. History of Plant Introductions to Pohnpei, Micronesia and the Role of the Pohnpei Agriculture Station. Economic Botany. 55: 290- 324. 301 2005. de Lange, P. J./Gardner, R. O./Sykes, W. This Lord Howe I. endemic palm has long been cultivated on Norfolk I. for the R./Crowcroft, G. M./Cameron, E. K./Stalker, seed export trade. However, seed predation by rats on unprotected palms and F./Christian, M. L./Braggins, J. E.. Vascular flora any fallen seeds is very severe. Possibly the current effort to control these of Norfolk Island: some additions and taxonomic animals in the National Park is responsible for this new & perhaps not especially notes. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 43: . welcome naturalisation. 301 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of Flora List for Pohnpei from Christopher Dahl (File creation date 15 Nov 1997) Weeds - Howea forsteriana [Online Database]. College of Micronesia-FSM Botany 250 (naturalised) Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project (HEAR), http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/howea_forsteria na/ 302 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of Mulvaney, M.J. (1991). Far from the Garden Path: An Identikit Picture of Woody Weeds - Howea forsteriana [Online Database]. Ornamanetal Plants Invading South Eastern Australian Bushland. PhD Thesis. Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project (HEAR), Dept. Biogeography and Geomorphology, Research School of Pacific Studies. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/howea_forsteria Australian National University (weed) na/ 303 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of No evidence Weeds - Howea forsteriana [Online Database]. Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project (HEAR), http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/howea_forsteria na/ 304 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of No evidence Weeds - Howea forsteriana [Online Database]. Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project (HEAR), http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/howea_forsteria na/ 305 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of Howea belmoreana listed as a weed [but no information on negative impacts Weeds - Howea belmoreana [Online Database]. found] Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project (HEAR), http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/howea_belmore ana/ 401 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. An encyclopedia of No spines, thorns or burrs cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 402 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. An encyclopedia of No evidence of allelopathy cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 403 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. An encyclopedia of No evidence of parasitism cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portland, OR. Print Date: 10/13/2010 Howea forsteriana (Arecaceae) Page 3 of 6 404 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.. An encyclopedia of Palatability of foliage to grazing animals unknown cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 405 2010. ASPCA. Forster Sentry Palm. ASPCA, Toxic Principles: Non-toxic http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/poison- control/plants/forster-sentry-palm.html 406 2003. Floridata. Howea forsteriana. Kentia palm can be attacked by spider mites, scale insects, Cylindrocladium leaf Floridata.com, Tallahassee, Florida spot, stigmina & other fungal leaf spots. They are also susceptible to lethal http://www.floridata.com/ref/H/howe_for.cfm yellowing disease. 406 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. Pests recorded CAB International, Wallingford, UK Insects: Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Spanish red scale) Fungus diseases: Calonectria theae (leaf spot: tea) Pests recorded at the family level (Arecaceae): Insects: Aleurodicus cocois (coconut whitefly) Pinnaspis strachani (lesser snow scale) 406 2009. Hardy, C. et al.. Import risk analysis: Fresh C. dictyospermi is found on many citrus species, feeding primarily on leaves, also Coconut (Cocos nucifera) from Tuvalu. MAF fruit & occasionally branches (CPC 2007). A pest on Citrus & other species Biosecurity New Zealand, Wellington throughout the Pacific (Williams & Watson 1988), it is recorded on plants from 73 http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/regs/imports/ri families. sk/coconut-tuvalu-ra.pdf 407 2003. Riffle, R. L./Craft, P.