Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Keport 1"0. l. \ioyemment Ace....'" 1"0. J. Rodp...,1 • CataloK No. FHWA-RD-95-163 4. Tille lIIld Subtitle 5. Keport Dale PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE CRASH TYPES OF June 1996 THE EARLY 1990'S 6. Yerfomunl lJrpniZa'- Code 8. Pcrt"DnIUIII OI'pniZatlon Report No. 7. Aulhor(.) William W. Hunter, Jane C. Stutts, Wayne E. Pein and Chante L. Cox ~. I ' I"ame lIIld Add"'"" lU. WOrk unit 1"0. \TKAlll) Highway Safety Research Center 3A4b University of North Carolina u. Contract or Gnnt No. CB #3430, 730 Airport Road DTFH61-92-Y-30048 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3430 u. Spansonnl ....I0Il.,. !'lame lIIld Ad_ 1.>. lype or Keporl ana renoa "overea Office of Safety and Traffic Operations R&D Research Report Federal Highway Administration 8/92 - 2/95 6300 Georgetown Pike 14. Spoasonnl Aaen<1 Code McLean, VA 22101-2296 1'. ~upp_enlar11"_ Contracting Officer's Teclmical Representatives (COTR's) Justin True and Carol Tan (HSR-20) 16. Abstract The purpose of this research was to apply the basic NHTSA pedestrian and bicyclist typologies to a sample of recent crashes and to refme and update the crash type distributions with particular attention to roadway and locational factors. Five thousand pedestrian- and 3,000 bicycle-motor vehicle crashes were coded in a population-based sample drawn from the States of California, Florida, Maryland, Minnesota, North Carolina, and Utah. Nearly a third of the pedes­ trians were struck at or near (within 16 m (50 ft) of an intersection. Midblock events were the second major pedestrian crash type grouping, representing over a fourth (26 percent) of all crashes. ,The bicycle-motor vehicle crash types distributed as: (1) parallel paths - 36 percent, (2) crossing paths - 57 percent, and (3) specific circumstances - 6 percent. Most frequent parallel path crashes were motorist turn/merge into bicyclist's path (34.4 percent) of all parallel path crashes), motorist over- taking (24.2 percent), and bicyclist turn/merge into motorist's path (20.6 percent). Most frequent crossing path crashes were motorist failed to yield (37.7 percent of crossing path crashes), bicyclist failed to yield at an intersection (29.1 percent), and bicyclist failed to yield midblock (20.5 percent). Future safety considerations should be systemwide and include an examination of intersections and other junctions, well designed facilities, and increased awareness of pedestrians and bicyclists by motor vehicle drivers. 17. Ke7 Woraa: lao n .......u... _ent Pedestrian, bicycle, motor vehicle, No restrictions. This document is available to crashes, crash types, safety. the public through the National Teclmical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 lY. "....n11 " ....11. lot thiS report) lU. securtt, CIaSsif. (or thiS pOllOI ll. 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Appropriate (Revised september 1993) rounding should be made III comply with section 4 of ASTM E380. ~--_ .. -.----­ -- .- --_ .. - ----- TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 BACKGROUND 1 SPECIF1C AIl\fS .....,................................. 2 GENERAL APPROACH ,........ 3 TASKS 4 CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW OF PEDESTRIAN CRASHES , 9 PEDESTRIAN CHARACTERISTICS ,.. 9 DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS . .. 11 TEMPORALIENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 12 LOCATIONAL FACTORS 15 ROADWAY FACTORS 16 VEHICLE FACTORS 21 CRASH CHARACTERISTICS 22 CONTRIBUTING FACTORS 23 FAULT 26 CHAPTER 3. PEDESTRIAN CRASH TYPES ...................... .. 29 FURTHER GROUPING OF PEDESTRIAN CRASH TYPES " 34 PEDESTRIAN CHARACTERISTICS 36 Pedestrian Age ..............'.................... 36 Pedestrian Gender 46 Pedestrian Sobriety ............................... .. 46 Pedestrian Injury Severity 49 DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS 49 Driver Age . .. 49 Driver Gender 52 Driver Sobriety 52 LOCATIONIENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS 52 UrbanJRuraJ Location ............................. .. 52 Private Property. ................................ .. 52 Day of Week ................................... .. 56 Time of Day ................................... .. 56 Light Condition ................................. .. 56 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) ROADWAY FACTORS 56 Road Class .................................... .. 56 Road Feature 61 Number or Lanes ................................ .. 61 Speed Lfmjt 61 Traffic Control 65 Detailed Pedestrian Location ......................... .. 65 FAULT 65 CHAPTER 4. OVERVIEW OF BICYCLE CRASHES . .. 71 BICYCLIST CHARACTERISTICS ......................... .. 71 DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS 73 TEMPORAL/ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 74 LOCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ....................... .. 76 ROADWAY FACTORS 78 BICYCLIST-RELATED ROADWAY FACTORS 82 VEHICLE FACTORS 84 CRASH CHARACTERISTICS 85 CONTRIBUTING FACTORS 87 FAULT 91 CHAPTER 5. BICYCLE CRASH TYPES 93 COMPARISON TO EARLIER RESULTS BY CROSS AND FISHER 99 FURTHER GROUPING OF BICYCLE CRASH TYPES 104 BICYCLIST CHARACTERISTICS ........................... 114 Bicyclist Age ..................................... 114 Bicyclist Gender ................................... 117 Bicyclist Sobriety .................................. 117 Bicyclist Injury Severity .............................. 117 DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS 121 Driver Age 121 Driver Gender .................................... 121 Driver Sobriety 124 LOCATION/ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS 124 Urban/Rural Location ............................... 124 Private Property ................................... 124 Time of Day 127 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Light Condition ................................... 127 Weekday versus Weekend 127 Road Condition 130 ROADWAY FACTORS 130 Road Class 130 Road Feature 130 Number of Through Lanes ............................ 133 Lane Width 133 Traffic Control Device 136 Detailed Bicyclist Location 136 CRASH CHARACTERISTICS 139 Bicycle Maneuver .................................. 139 Motorist Maneuver 139 Bicycle Direction of Travel AtlNear bnpact 142 Intended Intersection Maneuver ......................... 142 CONTRIBUTING FACTORS 142 Driver 142 Bicyclist ........................................ 142 The Bicycle 146 FAULT 146 CHAPTER 6. DISCUSSION 149 SUMMARY FOR PEDESTRIAN-MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES 149 SUMMARY FOR BICYCLE·MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES 150 PROJECT SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 151 APPENDIX A. MANUAL ACCIDENT TYPING FOR PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS - CODER'S HANDBOOK 153 MANUAL ACCIDENT TYPING FOR BICYCLIST ACCIDENTS - CODER'S HANDBOOK 159 APPENDIX B. PEDESTRIAN CODING VARIABLES LIST 167 BICYCLE CODING VARIABLES LIST 173 APPENDIX C. DESCRIPTIONS OF BICYCLIST CASES CLASSIFIED AS "WEIRD" 185 REFERENCES 191 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Pedestrian struck by turning/merging vehicle at intersection . 37 2 Pedestrian ran into intersection and/or motorist's view was blocked . 38 3 Other intersection . 39 4 Pedestrian midblock dart out/dash . 40 5 Other midblock . 41 6 Pedestrian not in roadwayIwaiting to cross . 42 7 Pedestrian walking along roadway/crossing expressway . 43 8 Pedestrian struck by backing vehicle ... ....................... 44 9 The motorist turned or merged into the path of the cyclist .. 108 ; 10 The motorist was overtaking the cyclist . 109 J;, 11 The cyclist turned or merged into the path of the motorist . 110 ,i. 12 The motorist failed to yield to the cyclist . 111 ~ 13 The cyclist failed to yield to the motorist at an intersection . 112 14 The cyclist failed to yield to the motorist, midblock . 113 I l vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Pedestrian characteristics 10 2 Driver characteristics