Manurau: A conceptual framework of Māori leadership practice in the New Zealand public sector By Daryn Bean A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Government Victoria University of Wellington 2018 1 | Page Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 5 He Mihi ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Dedication .............................................................................................................................................. 8 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... 9 Moe Mai Rā ...................................................................................................................................... 10 List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... 12 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Chapter One: Introduction ......................................................................................................... 13 Overview .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Locating Myself in the Research ......................................................................................................... 14 A Māori Boy from Rotorua ................................................................................................................ 15 Te Arawa e ........................................................................................................................................ 16 Whānau Upbringing ......................................................................................................................... 21 Early Years ........................................................................................................................................ 23 The NZQA and being an insider researcher ...................................................................................... 27 Reflective Thoughts .......................................................................................................................... 28 Māori Leadership Practice as a Research Topic................................................................................ 30 Māori Leadership Studies ................................................................................................................. 30 Statement about the use of te reo Māori (the Māori language) ...................................................... 32 Thesis Overview .................................................................................................................................. 32 Chapter Two: Literature Review .............................................................................................. 36 Overview .............................................................................................................................................. 36 Navigating the Two Worlds Context .................................................................................................. 37 The Treaty of Waitangi Principles ..................................................................................................... 41 Perspectives of Kāwanatanga ............................................................................................................. 44 Māori Leader Models ........................................................................................................................ 48 Central Agency Responses ................................................................................................................ 50 Māori Public Servants ....................................................................................................................... 53 The Crown–Māori Interface .............................................................................................................. 55 A Crown Engagement Problem ......................................................................................................... 56 Deficit Mindsets ................................................................................................................................ 58 Perspectives of Rangatiratanga .......................................................................................................... 59 What is Māori Leadership? ............................................................................................................... 63 Rangatiratanga and Leadership ....................................................................................................... 65 Public Sector Leadership .................................................................................................................... 67 Leadership-as-Practice (L-A-P) .......................................................................................................... 71 Leadership in Context ....................................................................................................................... 72 International Indigenous Literature .................................................................................................. 73 Gaps in the Literature ......................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter Three: Research Design and Methodology .......................................................... 77 Overview .............................................................................................................................................. 77 Kaupapa Māori theory ........................................................................................................................ 77 Research Methods ............................................................................................................................... 83 Research Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 85 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................................... 86 2 | Page Research Interviews .......................................................................................................................... 86 Research Wānanga ........................................................................................................................... 87 Case Examples ..................................................................................................................................... 90 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 91 Sense-Making ................................................................................................................................... 91 Narrative Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 92 Kaupapa Māori Analysis ................................................................................................................... 94 Comparative Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 96 Validating the process ......................................................................................................................... 96 Selection of Research Participants ..................................................................................................... 97 More than a Thesis ............................................................................................................................ 100 A Novel Angle of ‘Practice’ ................................................................................................................ 100 Research Challenges and Risk Mitigation ........................................................................................ 101 The Issue of Ethics ............................................................................................................................. 103 Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 105 Chapter Four: What do the Voices of Lived Experience Tell us of Leadership? ... 107 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 107 Section One: Wānanga and Interview Findings .............................................................................. 107 Key Theme: Reality of Space and Context ...................................................................................... 108 Key Theme: Māori Perspectives ...................................................................................................... 118