International Space Station Benefits for Humanity 3RD Edition This book was developed collaboratively by the members of the International Space Station (ISS) Program Science Forum (PSF), which includes the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Canadian Space Agency (CSA), European Space Agency (ESA), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), State Space Corporation ROSCOSMOS (ROSCOSMOS), and the Italian Space Agency (ASI). NP-2018-06-013-JSC i Acknowledgments A Product of the International Space Station Program Science Forum National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Executive Editors: Julie Robinson, Kirt Costello, Pete Hasbrook, Julie Robinson David Brady, Tara Ruttley, Bryan Dansberry, Kirt Costello William Stefanov, Shoyeb ‘Sunny’ Panjwani, Managing Editor: Alex Macdonald, Michael Read, Ousmane Diallo, David Brady Tracy Thumm, Jenny Howard, Melissa Gaskill, Judy Tate-Brown Section Editors: Tara Ruttley Canadian Space Agency: Bryan Dansberry Luchino Cohen, Isabelle Marcil, Sara Millington-Veloza, William Stefanov David Haight, Louise Beauchamp Tracy Parr-Thumm European Space Agency: Michael Read Andreas Schoen, Jennifer Ngo-Anh, Jon Weems, Cover Designer: Eric Istasse, Jason Hatton, Stefaan De Mey Erik Lopez Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency: Technical Editor: Masaki Shirakawa, Kazuo Umezawa, Sakiko Kamesaki, Susan Breeden Sayaka Umemura, Yoko Kitami Graphic Designer: State Space Corporation ROSCOSMOS: Cynthia Bush Georgy Karabadzhak, Vasily Savinkov, Elena Lavrenko, Igor Sorokin, Natalya Zhukova, Natalia Biryukova, Andry Mochalov, Dmitri Samsonov Italian Space Agency: Vittorio Cotronei, Giovanni Valentini, Sara Piccirillo, Enrico Potenza ii Table of Contents Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................ii Executive Summary .......................................................................................................ix Introduction .................................................................................................................... x Economic Valuation of the International Space Station 1 International Space Station Economic Value ......................................................................................... 3 From Research and Development to Tangible Benefits ............................................................................. 3 Description of Valuation Process .............................................................................................................. 5 Valuation Results ....................................................................................................................................... 7 From New Knowledge to Potential Application: Generating Prospective Benefits on the International Space Station .............................................................................................. 7 From Emerging Application to Mature Capabilities: Retrospective Benefits ................................... 11 Air Filtration ............................................................................................................................................ 11 Earth Imaging ......................................................................................................................................... 11 Earth Observation Data .......................................................................................................................... 12 Protein Crystal Growth ........................................................................................................................... 13 Robotic Surgery ..................................................................................................................................... 13 The Emerging Commercial Marketplace in Low-Earth Orbit ............................................................. 15 Space Access ........................................................................................................................................ 16 Commercial Research, Research Facilities and Integration Services ....................................................... 16 International Space Station Role in Small Satellite Market Development ................................................. 18 International Space Station Partner Perspectives .............................................................................. 19 Canadian Space Agency ........................................................................................................................ 19 European Space Agency ........................................................................................................................ 20 Italian Space Agency .............................................................................................................................. 20 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ..................................................................................................... 21 ROSCOSMOS State Corporation for Space Activities ............................................................................. 22 International Space Station U.S. National Laboratory .............................................................................. 23 National Aeronautics and Space Administration ..................................................................................... 23 Summation Valuation Findings .............................................................................................................. 25 Findings and Providers ........................................................................................................................... 25 Summaries of Valuation Findings Table ................................................................................................... 26 ISS Commercial Research Providers Table ............................................................................................. 33 Scientific Valuation of the International Space Station 37 International Space Station Scientific Value ........................................................................................ 39 Publication Metrics from the International Space Station Results ............................................................ 39 Global Impacts on Science ..................................................................................................................... 40 Interdisciplinary Impacts on Science ....................................................................................................... 41 iii Scientific Highlights from the International Space Station ................................................................. 43 Physiological Systems ............................................................................................................................ 43 Biology and Biomedicine ........................................................................................................................ 45 Plant Biology and Bioregenerative Life Support ..................................................................................... 46 Radiation ............................................................................................................................................... 47 Materials, Fluids and Combustion .......................................................................................................... 47 Elucidation of Space and Observations of Earth .................................................................................... 49 In Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 51 References Cited ................................................................................................................................... 52 Economic Development of Space 57 Growing the Space Economy with Public-Private Partnerships ....................................................... 59 Enabling Commercial Launch Providers .................................................................................................. 59 Finding the Keys in Space to Treat Diseases on Earth ............................................................................. 61 Managing the International Space Station National Lab .......................................................................... 62 Piloting a New Procurement Paradigm .................................................................................................... 63 A New Approach to Radiation Hardening Computers ............................................................................. 64 Commercial Research, Facilities and Service Providers ................................................................... 65 Commercial Partners Expanding International Space Station Research Capabilities ............................... 65 Research in a Box .................................................................................................................................. 67 Made In Space—Building a Better Optical Fiber ..................................................................................... 68 Small Business Makes Big Strides in Commercialization of Low-Earth Orbit ........................................... 69 European Space Agency ICE Cubes ...................................................................................................... 70 The Commercial Multi-use Variable-g Platform ......................................................................................