PLANNING FOR LOW INCOME SETTLEMENTS in the Blaauwberg Administration Area University of Cape Town Supervisor: Peter Wilkinson Student: Jessica Katz Course: APG 8195: MCRP Dissertation Student Number: KTZJES001 Date: 29/1 0/04 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town CONTENTS PAGE 2.5.1.1 .2. Private land 2.5.1.2. Land Use I. Acronyms ................................................................................................................. 1 2.5.1.3. Zoning 2.5.2. Movement Patterns ............................ ............................................. ......................... 36-40 II. Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................1 2.5.2.1 . Existing movement patterns 2.5.2.2. Movement proposals Ill. Introduction ............................................................................................................2-3 2.5.2.2.1. Road infrastructure 2.5.2.2.2. Public Transport proposals and activity corridors IV. Methodology ............................................................................................................3-4 2.5.2.2.3. Bicycle and Pedestrian 2.5.3. Access to Facilities ................................................................................................. 40- 41 V. Structure ...................................................................................................................4 Section 3: Key Issues & Constraints VI. Directives Principles ...................................................................................................5 3.1. Institutional Issues .................................................................................................. 42-43 Section 1: Contextual Analysis 3.1.1. Policies ......................................................................................................................42 3.1.1. Powers and Functions ..............................................................................................42-43 1.1. Socio-economic trends in low-income settlements ......................................................... 6-8 1.1.1. Poverty and Urban Migration ..........................................................................................6-7 3.2. Social Needs: An Inappropriate Settlement Model.. .....................................................43-44 1.1.2. Economic Upliftment initiatives .......................................................................................7-8 3.2.1. Access to land .... .........................................................................................................43 3.2.2. Access to basic services .......................................................................................... .43-44 1.2. Institutional context ....................................................................................................8-14 3.2.3. Access to economic opportunities and public spaces ................ ..........................................44 1.2.1. Existing policies and initiatives .....................................................................................8-10 3.2.4. Access to safe public transport ........................................ .... .......................................... .44 1.2.2. Powers and Functions .............................................................................................. 10-14 1.2.2.1. Coordination across government levels 3.3. Spatial Constraints to development ............................................................................44-46 1.2.2.2. Civil Society's potential role in low-income settlements 1.2.2.3. City of Cape Town line departments involvement in Low Income settlements Section 4: Theory and Precedent on low income settlement making (Outside approaches) 1.3. The City of Cape Town's upgrading strategy ...............................................................14-15 4.1. An Overview of shifting interest in low income settlements ....................................... 46-48 1.3.1. The City of Cape Town incremental Approach to upgrading .................................................. 14 1.3.2. The process used to upgrade informal settlements ......................................................... 14-15 4.2. Overview on (views of) approaches to upgrading low income settlements .................. 48-50 1.3.3 The state of emergency ................................................................................................ 15 4.3. Dealing with Existing Informal Settlements: the Upgrade approach ............................ 50-60 Section 2: Site Specific Analysis ~ 4.3.1. John Abbots framework for lnsitu upgrading ................................................................ 50-53 4.3.1.1. Data capturing 2.1. Institutional responsibilities at site-specific level.. ......................................................15-17 4.3.1.2. Institutional Framework for Informal Settlement Upgrading 2.2. Existing approaches to upgrading Informal Settlements in the study area ....................... 17-19 4.3.1.3. Planning Framework 2.2.1. The Roll-Over Approach ............................................................................................17-18 4.3.2. Durban (Ethekwini) framework for insitu upgrading ........................................................53-57 2.2.2. lnsitu Upgrade Approach ........................................................................... .................... 18 4.3.2.1. Institutional Structure 2.2.3. Emergency services ..................................................... .. .......................................... 18-19 4.3.2.2. Procurement and Capacity Building in implementation 2.3. Socio-economic Context ........................................................................................... 19-24 4.3.2.3. Implementation of water and sanitation Technology options 2.3.1. Demographic trends .................................................................................................19-21 4.3.2.4. Post-Implementation Strategy 2.3.2. Employment and Income ..........................................................................................21-22 4.3.3. Other Case studies on upgrading low income settlements in Developing countries .............. 57-60 2.3.3. Basic services ............................................................................................ .. ........... 22-24 4.4. Pre-empting Informal Settlements: The Greenfield Approach .....................................60-63 2.4. Maintaining Sustainable Growth .................................................................................24-33 4.4.1. Case study: site 5 in the Noordhoek valley ..................................................................60-61 2. 4.1. The Natural Landscape .... ........................................................................................ 24-28 4.4.1.1. Process of settlement formation 2.4.1.1. Climate 4.4.1.2. Public Structures 2.4.1.2. Protective Landscape 4.4.1.3. Private Initiatives 2.4.1.3. Productive Landscape 4.4.2. Determining where public should intervene: Dewar's planning Framework .......................... 61-63 2.4.2. Safety restrictions .................................................................................................... 29-30 2.4.3. Bulk Services and infrastructure restrictions .................................................................. 31-33 Section 5: Intervention 2.5. Integrating Low income settlements ...........................................................................33- 41 5.1. Strategies dealing with the problem: Upgrading informal settlements .............................63-72 2.5.1. Urban Land ........................................................... ... ..... ......................................... 33-36 5.1.1. Institutional changes .. ........................................................ ...................... ................ 63-69 2.5.1.1. Ownership of Vacant land 5.1.1.1. Policies and politics 2.5.1.1.1. Public land 5.1.1.2. The role of professionals and officials 5.1.1 .3. Public participation and Capacity building Map 6: Ra infall and temperature ..... ... ... .... ..... .............. .... ...... .. .... .... ... .......... .... ... ... .............. ..25 5.1.2. Land Acquisition ........... ............................ ............................ .... ..... .... ...................... 69-70 Map 7: Biological environment. .. .. .. ......... ....... .. .... .. .... ... ........................... ........ ... .... .. ............ ... 27 5.1.3. Planning Framework .......................... ..... ...... ..... ...... .... ... .... ................. .... ........... .. .. .70 -72 1VIap 8: Urban Open Space .. ................... ......... ............... ... .......... .. ......... ......... ... ... ... .............. 28 5.1.3.1. Movement networks Map 9: Productive Landscape ...... ............ .... .. ... ... .... ............................. ............... .................. 28 5.1.3.2. Public structures Map 10: Areas with Safety Restrictions ... .... ...... ... .. .......... ... .. .. .. ...... .. ..................................... ... 30, Map