Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self-organization Carlos Gershenson1;2 1Instituto de Investigaciones en Matem´aticasAplicadas y en Sistemas & 2 Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Aut´onomade M´exico(UNAM) http://turing.iimas.unam.mx/~cgg/ Twitter: @cgershen @cgg mx @cxdig Outline Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- 1 Complexity organization C. Gershenson 2 Requisite variety Complexity Requisite 3 variety Autopoiesis Autopoiesis Guided self- 4 Guided self-organization organization Discussion 5 Discussion Conclusions 6 Conclusions What is Life? Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization C. Gershenson Complexity Requisite variety Autopoiesis Guided self- organization Discussion Conclusions Cybernetics Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization C. Gershenson Complexity Requisite variety Autopoiesis Guided self- organization Discussion Conclusions Mullard's mechanical mice playing hockey (1959) http://cyberneticzoo.com Complexity Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization C. Gershenson Complexity Requisite variety Autopoiesis Guided self- organization Discussion Conclusions Richard Schneider http://www.picturesocial.com/profile/richardontheinternet Computers as Telescopes for Complexity Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization C. Gershenson Complexity Requisite variety Autopoiesis Guided self- organization Discussion Conclusions http://hawmkoonstormbringer.deviantart.com Pagels, H. R. (1989). The Dreams of Reason: The Computer and the Rise of the Sciences of Complexity. Bantam Books. Limits of Predictability Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization C. Gershenson Complexity Requisite variety Autopoiesis Guided self- organization Discussion Conclusions http://instagram.com/cgershen Gershenson, C. (2013). The implications of interactions for science and philosophy. Foundations of Science 18 (4): 781{790. http://arxiv.org/abs/1105.2827. Information Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization C. Gershenson Complexity Requisite variety Autopoiesis Guided self- organization Discussion Conclusions Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal 27: 379{423 and 623{656. http://tinyurl.com/6qrcc. Emergence Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization C. Gershenson Complexity Requisite variety Autopoiesis Guided self- organization Discussion Conclusions Self-organization Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization C. Gershenson Complexity Requisite variety Autopoiesis Guided self- organization Discussion Conclusions Gershenson, C. and Heylighen, F. (2003). When can we call a system self-organizing? In ECAL 2003, LNAI 2801, W. Banzhaf, et al., (Eds.). Springer, pp. 606{614. http://arxiv.org/abs/nlin.AO/0303020. Complexity as balance Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization C. Gershenson Complexity Requisite variety Autopoiesis Guided self- organization Discussion Conclusions http://hawmkoonstormbringer.deviantart.com Fern´andez,N., Maldonado, C., and Gershenson, C. (2014). Information measures of complexity, emergence, self-organization, homeostasis, and autopoiesis. In Guided Self-Organization: Inception, M. Prokopenko, (Ed.). Springer, 19{51. http://arxiv.org/abs/1304.1842. Ashby's Law of Requisite Variety Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization C. Gershenson Complexity Requisite variety \Only variety destroys variety". Autopoiesis Variety as information. Guided self- organization Variety as complexity. Discussion Variety dependent on scale. Conclusions Viability. Applies to living systems. Ashby, W. R. (1956). An Introduction to Cybernetics. Chapman & Hall, London. http://pcp.vub.ac.be/ASHBBOOK.html. Autopoiesis Requisite Variety, Self-production as characteristic of the living. Autopoiesis, and Self- organization Autonomy. C. Gershenson Can be measured as life ratio (Gershenson, 2012). Complexity Requisite variety Autopoiesis Guided self- organization Discussion Conclusions Maturana, H. and Varela, F. (1980). Autopoiesis and Cognition: The realization of living. Reidel. Guided self-organization Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization C. Gershenson Complexity Requisite variety Autopoiesis Guided self- organization Discussion Conclusions Prokopenko, M. and Gershenson, C. (2014), Entropy Methods in Guided Self-Organization, Entropy, 16 (10): 5232-5241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e16105232. Self-organizing traffic lights Velocity and flow Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization ●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● 1.0 ●●●●● ●● ●● ●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ●● 0.25 ●● ● C. Gershenson ● ● ● ● ● self−organizing ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● green−wave ● ●● ●● ● ● 0.8 ●● ● ●● 0.20 ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● Complexity ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● 0.6 ●● ● ●● 0.15 ● ● Requisite ●● ● ●● ● self−organizing ● v ●● J ● ● ●●● ● variety ●●● ● green−wave ●●● ●●● ● ● 0.4 ●● ● ● ●● 0.10 ● ●● ● ●● ● Autopoiesis ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● 0.2 ● ● ● ●● 0.05 ● ● Guided self- ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● organization ● ● ● 0.0 ●●●●●●●●●● 0.00 ●●●●●●●● Discussion 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Conclusions ρ ρ Zubillaga, D., et al. (2014). Measuring the complexity of self-organizing traffic lights. Entropy 16 (5): 2384{2407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e16052384. Self-organizing traffic lights Information of switching intervals Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●● 1.0 1.0 ● ● 1.0 ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● C. Gershenson ● ● ● ● self−organizing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● green−wave ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.8 ●● ● 0.8 0.8 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Complexity ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.6 ● ● ● ● 0.6 ● 0.6 ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● self−organizing ●● ● E S ● ● ● C ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● green−wave Requisite ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● 0.4 ● 0.4 0.4 ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● variety ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.2 0.2 ●● ● 0.2 ● Autopoiesis ● ● ● ● ● ● self−organizing ● ● ● ● ● green−wave ● ● ● ● ● ● Guided self- 0.0 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● 0.0 0.0 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 organization ρ ρ ρ Discussion Conclusions Zubillaga, D., et al. (2014). Measuring the complexity of self-organizing traffic lights. Entropy 16 (5): 2384{2407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e16052384. Self-organizing traffic lights Information of vehicle intervals Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ● 1.0 1.0 ● ● ● 1.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● C. Gershenson ● ● self−organizing ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● green−wave ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●●● ● 0.8 0.8 ● 0.8 ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● Complexity ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.6 0.6 0.6 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● self−organizing ● ● ● E S C ● ● ● ●● ● ● green−wave Requisite ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.4 0.4 0.4 ● ● ● ● ● ● variety ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●●●● 0.2 ● 0.2 0.2 ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● Autopoiesis ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● self−organizing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● green−wave ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● Guided self- 0.0 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● 0.0 0.0 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 organization ρ ρ ρ Discussion Conclusions Zubillaga, D., et al. (2014). Measuring the complexity of self-organizing traffic lights. Entropy 16 (5): 2384{2407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e16052384. Self-organizing traffic lights Autopoiesis Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization 12 0.08 ● C. Gershenson 10 ● 0.06 Complexity 8 ● ● ● Requisite ● −J A 6 ● 0.04 variety ● max J ● 4 ● ● Autopoiesis ● ● ● ● ● 0.02 ● ●● ● ●● Guided self- ● ●●●● ●●●● 2 ●● ●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● organization ● ●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●● Discussion 0 0.00 Conclusions 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 ρ Zubillaga, D., et al. (2014). Measuring the complexity of self-organizing traffic lights. Entropy 16 (5): 2384{2407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e16052384. Life as Information Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization C. Gershenson Complexity Requisite variety Autopoiesis Guided self- organization Discussion Conclusions http://www.whatlifeis.info Farnsworth, K. D., Nelson, J., and Gershenson, C. (2013). Living is information processing: From molecules to global systems. Acta Biotheoretica 61 (2): 203{222. http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.5908. World as Information Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization C. Gershenson Complexity Requisite variety Autopoiesis Guided self- organization Discussion Conclusions Gershenson, C. (2012). The world as evolving information. In Unifying Themes in Complex Systems, A. Minai, D. Braha, and Y. Bar-Yam, (Eds.). Vol. VII. Springer, 100{115. http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.0304. Conclusions Requisite Variety, Autopoiesis, and Self- organization C. Gershenson Complexity Viability Requisite Autopoiesis as life ratio variety Autopoiesis Guide self-organization to increase autopoiesis Guided self- Living technology organization Discussion Conclusions.