European Perspective on Youth Crime Prevention and Reintegration Prof. Dr. Ton Liefaard | Santiago de Chile, 28 November 2016 Discover theDwisocroldverattLheidene worldUnaitvLereidensity University Content and objectives of presentation Focus: How to respond to youth committing criminal offences? A European Perspective Outline: I. How is Europe organized? – Council of Europe & European Union - Standard-setting (law), agenda-setting (policy) and implementation II. Four themes - Prevention - Reintegration - Deprivation of liberty of children - Child-friendly justice III. Some reflections & lessons (to be) learned IV. Q&A Overarching perspective: international children’s rights. Discover the world at Leiden University European Union (EU) - 28 member states Discover the world at Leiden University Europe – Council of Europe Albania Estonia Lithuania San Marino Tirana Tallinn Vilnius San Marino Council of Europe 47 Member States Andorra Finland Luxembourg Serbia Andorra-la-Vella Helsinki Luxembourg Belgrade t f o r E a s t a u S i B e b e r i a n S e S a a e O k of Alask a ho Armenia France Malta Slovakia t sk Yerevan Paris Valletta Bratislava E a st S i ber i a a n S t S e ea f or J a u a p B e c t i a n r c S A ea o f a J a d a pa a n n Austria Georgia Republic of Moldova Slovenia n i Vienna Tbilisi Chişinău Ljubljana a h C O C c e a n Azerbaijan Germany Monaco Spain G Baku Berlin Monaco Madrid r e e n ( a o D n en i y y s Ma e l Jan l a d n. a or.) 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L i b y a Designed by Latitude Mapping Ltd – PREMS144515 – September 2015 Discover the world at Leiden University Council of Europe • 1949 – Human Rights, Rule of Law & Democracy – Strasbourg (France) • Standard-setting in many ways – informed by CRC - European Court of Human Rights - Standard-setting by Committee of Ministers - Standards of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) • Strategy on the rights of the child since 2006 (policy level) • Focus on juvenile justice in many ways: - Position of children deprived of their liberty – case law ECtHR + European rules for juvenile offenders etc. + CPT standards - Child-friendly justice – case law ECtHR + Guidelines on child-friendly justice - Prevention of violence – case law ECtHR + standard-setting + research Discover the world at Leiden University European Union • Economic and political unity – Brussels, Belgium • EU Charter of Fundamental Rights – rights of the child • EU Agenda for the Rights of the Child – European Commission - Violence - Child-friendly justice - Migration Funding and policy events – standard-setting • Criminal justice: cooperation, mutual trust & recognition & minimum standards • Minimum procedural safeguards juvenile justice (2016) – EU Directive • Informed by the CRC Discover the world at Leiden University EU Directive Procedural Safeguards Children Applicable to national criminal justice systems (+ EAW proceedings) • Content (inter alia): - Right to information about rights (also for parents etc.) - Right to a lawyer (incl. police interrogations), individual assessment, medical examination - AV recording of police interrogations (i.e. mandatory in case of deprivation of liberty) - Deprivation of liberty as a last resort + rights of children deprived of liberty - Cases treated urgently - Privacy protection - Child and parents present during proceedings - Appropriate training of all professionals • Note: - Minimum safeguards necessary to foster mutual trust and cooperation - Issues left out: age of majority, juvenile courts, diversion, no harmonisation of procedural codes Discover the world at Leiden University II. Theme 1 – Prevention (I) 1978 – Resolution (78) 62 on juvenile delinquency and social change – ‘socialisation of juveniles’ 1987 – Recommendation No. R (87) 20 on social reaction to juvenile delinquency 1988 – Recommendation No. R(88) 6 on social reactions to juvenile delinquency among young people from migrant families – ‘social integration & equal opportunities for self- fullfilment’ 2000 – Recommendation Rec(2000) 20 on the role of early psychosocial intervention in the prevention of criminality – ‘targeting risk factors’ 2003 – Recommendation Rec(2003) 20 concerning new ways of dealing with juvenile delinquency and the role of juvenile justice – ‘effectiveness of prevention measures’ – attention for ‘specific categories of young offenders, incl. ethnic minorities, young women and group offending’ + children under MACR • Part of early standard-setting initiatives by Council of Europe • Focus on primary and secondary prevention – moving from social factors to individuals factors • JJ system should be seen as one component in a broader community based strategy for preventing juvenile delinquency – family, school, neighbourhood and peer group context • More attention for evidence based approaches Discover the world at Leiden University II. Theme 1 – Prevention (II) ‘Weakest link’ – Thomas Hammarberg in 2009 – JJ actors are not focused on prevention Prevention must be part of juvenile justice policy – see also General Comment No. 10. -Family support programmes – positive parenting & prevention of violence – poverty -Adressing mental health needs of youth, incl. substance abuse -Evidence based – ‘what works’ -Include youth (key actor) & youth organisations (mentoring) -Education – talent developent, health, social and financial education -Specific groups of children Open questions: - Whose responsibility? – national plan of action - Prevention must be human rights based - Risks of prediction – ‘tomorrow’s criminals’ - Under minimum age of criminal responsibility – ‘skirting the rule’ Discover the world at Leiden University II. Theme 2 – Reintegration (I) 2003 – Recommendation Rec(2003) 20 concerning new ways of dealing with juvenile delinquency and the role of juvenile justice -‘reintegration is one of the principle aims of juvenile justice’ - see also art. 40 (1) CRC – ‘constructive role in society’ - youth in transition to adulthood 2008 – European rules for juvenile offenders subject to sanctions or measures - social reintegration + prevention of re-offending - individual plan - education + vocational training - age of majority – no need to transfer automatically (cf. GC No.