DOCUMENT RESUME ED 070 572 SE 014 119 TITLE Introduction to Sonar, Navy Training Course. INSTITUTION Bureau of Naval Personnel, Washington, R. C.-; Naval Personnel Program Support Activity, Washington, D. C. REPORT NO NAVPERS -10130 -B PUB DATE 68 NOTE 186p.; Revised 1968 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58 DESCRIPTORS *Acoustics; Instructional Materials; *Job Training; *Military Personnel; Military Science; Military Training; Physics; *Post Secondary Education; *Supplementary Textbooks ABSTRACT Fundamentals of sonar systems are presented in this book, prepared for both regular navy and naval reserve personnel who are seeking advancement in rating. An introductory description is first made of submarines and antisubmarine units. Determination of underwater targets is analyzed from the background of true and relative bearings, true and relative motion, and computation of target angles. Then, applications of both active and passive sonars are explained in connection with bathythesmographs, fathometers, tape recorders, fire control techniques, tfiternal and external communications systems, maintenance actions, test methods and equipment, and safety precautions. Basic principles of sound and temperature effects on wave propagation are also discussed. Illustrations for explanation use, information on training films and the sonar technician rating structure are also provided.. (CC) -^' U.S DEPARTMENT OFHEALTH. EDUCATION 14 WELFARE OFFICE OF EOUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HASBEEN REPRO OUCED EXACTLY ASRECEIVED FROM THE PERSON ORORGANIZATION ORIG INATING IT POINTS OFVIEW OR OPIN IONS STATED 00NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICEDF EDU CATION POSITION ORPOLICY 1-1:1444646- 1 a 7 ero AIM '440, a 40 ;13" : PREFACE. This book is written for themen of the U. S. Navy and Naval Reserve who are seeking advancement in theSonar Technician rating. At this writing the general rating ofSonar Technician includes the service ratings of Surface SonarTechnician (STG) and Submarine Sonar Technician (STS)at the Third and Second Class levels. The general rating of Sonar Technician isat the First Class level and above. Although the Surface aad SubmarineSonar Technicians may operate different equipment, certain practicalfactors and knowledge factors apply toall Sonar Technicians. This bookcovers many of the factors common to both ratings. The scope of this training course doesnot permit inclusion of the fundamentals of mathematics,electricity, and electronics. If you need such information, you should study the appropriatetraining courses that appear in the reading list.. Because of securityclassifi- cation, some common sonar subjects cannot beincluded in this training course, but may be found in classifiedcourses and other publications. As one of the Navy Training Courses,this book was prepared by the Training Publications Division, NavalPersonnel Program Support Activity, Washington, D. C., for the Bureau ofNaval Personnel. First edition 1960 Second edition 1963 Revised 1968 Stock Ordering No. 0500 - 036-0100 THE UNITED STATES NAVY GUARDIAN OF OUR COUNTRY The United States Navy is responsible for maintaining control of the sea and is a ready force on watch at home and overseas, capable of strong action to preserve the peace or of instant offensive action to win in war. It is upon the maintenance of this control that our country's glorious future depends; the United States Navy exists to make it so. WE SERVE WITH HONOR Tradition, valor, and victory are the Navy's heritage from the past. To these maybe added dedication, discipline, and vigilance as the watchwords of the present and the future. f- At home or on distant stations we serve with pride, confident in the respect of our country, our shipmates, and our families. Our responsibilities sober us; our adversities strengthen us. Service to God and Country is our special privilege. We serve with honor. THE FUTURE OF THE NAVY The Navy will always employ 'new weapons, new techniques, and greater power to protect and defend the United States on the sea, under the sea, and in the air. Now and in the future, control of the sea gives the United States her greatest advantage for the maintenance of peace and for victory in war. Mobility, surprise, dispersal, and offensive power are the keynotes of the new Naciy.The roots of the Navy lie in a strong belief in the future, in continued dedication to our tasks, and in reflection on our heritage from the past. Never have our opportunities and our responsibilities been greater. Poe ante by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Covernaint Printing Office, 'Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price $1.50 %. CONTENTS CHAPTER Page 1. The sonar technician 1 2. Submarines and antisubmarine units 9 3. Bearings and motion 20 4. Physics of sound 34 5. Bathythermograph 57 6. Principles Of sonar....... 91 7. Basic fire control 110 8. Commtmications 132 9. Maintenance 146. 10. Safety; test equipment; test methods 154 APPENDIX I. Training film list 176 INDEX 178 iii READING LIST NAVY TRAINING COURSES Basic Electricity, NavPers 10086 Introduction to Electronics (chapters 1-6, 9), NavPers 10084 BasicElectronics, NavPers 10087 (chapters 1-11, 17, appendix II) Sonar Technician G 3 & 2, NavPers 10131 Sonar Technician S3 & 2, NavPers 10132 Basic Handtools, NavPers 10085 OTHER NAVY PUBLICATIONS Handbook of Test Methods and Practices(sections 1, 2, and 4.5), NavShips 0967-000-0130 NavShips Technical Manual (chapter 9670), NavShips 0901-000 0013 Maintenance and Material Management (3-M) Manual (chapters 1, 2, 3), OpNav 43P2 Application of Oceanography to ASW (chapters 2 and 3), H. 0. 781 Antisubmarine Classification Manual, NWIP 24-1(A) (chapters 1, 2, 3 STG); (chapters 1, 2, 5 STS) USAFI TEXTS United States Armed Forces Institute (USAFI) courses for additional reading and study are available through your information and education officer* A partial list of those courses applicable to your rate follows. CORRESPONDENCE COURSES Number Title C 885 Fundamentals of Radio B 887 Intermediate Radio A 788 Introduction to Electronics, Part I A 789 Introduction to Electronics, Part II D 290 Physics, Part I D 291 Physics, Part II *"Members of the United States Armed Forces Reserve components, when on active duty, are eligible to enroll for USAFI courses, services, and materials, if the orders galling them to active duty specify a period of 120 days or more, or if they have been on active duty for a period of 120 days or more, regardless of the time specified in the active duty orders." CHAPTER 1 THE SONAR TECHNICIAN A substantial force of conventional and nu-qualifications required for advancement to Third clear-powered submarines, many of them capableClass Sonar Technician. Although this course is of launching nuclear missiles, represents a po-limited to unclassified material, much of your tential threat to our country's security and awork will deal with classified equipment and continuing challenge to our Navy's antisubmarine information. You should never discusswith forces. strangers details of your work, nor reveal in- To meet- this challenge, U. S.Navy ships and formation concerning equipment characteristics submarines continually conduct exercises in anti- and capabilities. These restrictions apply also submarine warfare (ASW) operations, revisingto shipmates who have no need to know the tactics and evaluating new methods and equipment information. Violation of security regulations can used for detecting and destroying enemy under-result in punishment by court-martial. water craft. Destroyers are our main antisub- The remainder of this chapter gives informa- marine (A/S)surface vessels. They providetion on the enlisted rating structure, the Sonar protection against submarines for major surfaceTechnician rating, requirements and procedures ships by forming a sonar screen around the ship.for advancement in rating, and references to Upon detection of a submarine trying to pene-help you work for advancement and to perform trate the screen,' the destroyer initiates an attack,your duties as a Sonar Technician. Also included and the main body turns awiffroth-the-contactare suggestions _ on how to make the best use area. Destroyers alio Operate in special A/Sof Navy Training Courses. Before you begin forces called hunter-ldller groups, whose function studying the rest of this course; therefore, you is to actively seek out and destroy enemy sub-should study the remainder of this chapter very marines. Our own submarines particularly nu-carefully. clear-powered types with their generally superior detection equipment play an equally important role in ASW. They are capable of selecting the ENLISTED RATING STRUCTURE depth that provides the best underwater de- tection conditions. Additionally, they have the endurance to conduct surveillance operations The two main types of ratings in the present over wide ocean areas. enlisted rating structure, are general ratings and service ratings. The Sonar Technician, whether aboard ship or submarine is a vital member of the Navy's GENERAL RATINGS identify broad ors, pa- ASW team. All Sonar Technicians must learn totionalfields of related duties and functions. operate the sonar equipment installed in theirSome general ratings include service ratings; ship. This requirement includes not only manip-others do not. Both Regular Navy and Naval ulating controls, but also interpreting data derivedReserve personnel may hold general ratings. from sonar, fire control, and associated equip- ment. Sonar Technicians also must be able SERVICE RATINGS identify subdivisions or to maintain the sonar