ATT Timeline Global stunts Canada and the ATT Resilience Highlights from Campaigners get creative What should Ottawa do A new antidote 1997 to 2013 to draw attention to meet terms of treaty? for human insecurity The Ploughshares Monitor SUMMER 2013 | VOLUME 34 | ISSUE 2 Arms Trade Treaty adopted TheA quarterlyPloughshares publication Monitor | of Project Ploughshares • Available online: www.ploughshares.ca 1 Contents The Ploughshares Monitor Volume 34 | Issue 2 PROJECT PLOUGHSHARES STAFF Summer 2013 John siebert Executive Director Kenneth Epps Brockenshire Lemiski Debbie hughes Matthew Pupic Tasneem Jamal Wendy stocker Cesar Jaramillo Barbara Wagner A treaty for the 21st century 3 ATT: A significant triumph for containment from below. The Ploughshares Monitor is the quarterly by John Siebert journal of Project Ploughshares, the peace centre of The Canadian Council of Churches. Ploughshares works with churches, nongovernmental organizations, and governments, in Canada and abroad, to advance policies and actions that prevent war and armed violence and build peace. A tool to tackle armed violence Project Ploughshares is affiliated with 4 The ATT can reduce illegal arms transfers. the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, Conrad Grebel University College, University by Kenneth Epps of Waterloo. Office address: Project Ploughshares 57 Erb Street West ‘An incredible privilege’ Waterloo, Ontario N2L 6C2 Canada 519-888-6541, fax: 519-888-0018 8 A Q&A with Ploughshares’ Kenneth Epps. [email protected]; www.ploughshares.ca Project Ploughshares gratefully acknowledges the ongoing financial support of the many individuals, national churches and church agencies, local congregations, religious orders, and organizations across Canada that ensure TiMELinE: Arms Trade Treaty that the work of Project Ploughshares 12 continues. We are particularly grateful to The Simons Foundation in Vancouver Additions and amendments for its generous support. 14 Canada and the Arms Trade Treaty. All donors of $50 or more receive by Kenneth Epps a complimentary subscription to The Ploughshares Monitor. Annual subscription rates for libraries and institutions are: $30 in Canada; $30 (U.S.) in the United States; $35 (U.S.) internationally. Single copies are $5 plus shipping. hoTos Unless indicated otherwise, material may be P : shoot me with your camera reproduced freely, provided the author and 16 ATT campaigners around the world hold stunts. source are indicated and one copy is sent to Project Ploughshares. Return postage is guaranteed. Publications Mail Registration No. 40065122. Resilience ISSN 1499-321X. A powerful new antidote to security threats. The Ploughshares Monitor is indexed 20 in the Canadian Periodical Index. by Jessica West Photos of staff by Karl Griffiths-Fulton Printed at Waterloo Printing, Waterloo, Ontario. Printed with vegetable inks on paper with recycled content. We acknowledge the financial support CoVER: Soldiers of the Somali National Army walk at dusk under a rising crescent moon of the Government of Canada through the Canada Periodical Fund near the outskirts of Afgooye, a town west of Mogadishu in May 2012. Stuart Price/UN of the Department of Canadian Heritage. A treaty for the 21st century Arms Trade Treaty is another strand of international John siebert law to contain the forces of militarism and death ontainment was the name of sage of the Arms Trade Treaty at the liput who tried to tie down the giant the policy applied by the United Nations General Assembly. Gulliver, we send thin strands of in- CUnited States after 1946 to Once signed and ratified by 50 UN ternational law over the huge limbs its primary Cold War adversary, the member states, the ATT will become of military powers and arms produc- Soviet Union. The communist men- the first internationally recognized set ers to restrict their transactions, little ace could not be defeated head on by of rules for documenting, restricting, by little. By inspiring the develop- force of arms, but it could be con- and reducing the movement across ment of treaties on land mines tained on the global stage by con- borders of military goods. (1998) and cluster munitions (2010) fronting it where it sought to expand As the international Control Arms civil society played a vital role in its influence geographically, economi- coalition of civil society organiza- binding the limbs of giants. cally, or culturally. The aim of con- tions made clear in its ATT cam- The ATT is more expansive in its tainment was to prevent the paign, before this treaty bananas aspirations and scope than the mines expansion of this hostile influence. faced more global hurdles in crossing and clusters treaties. It will take years, The Cold War was a real war for international borders than tanks or possibly decades, before the ATT’s those who fought and died in count- automatic rifles. provisions are effectively imple- less proxy wars around the globe. Civil society proponents of the mented to prevent diversion of Containment of the Soviets was the ATT—alone or in concert—do not weapons into illegal channels and end West’s practical goal until it gave way have the power to set or enforce the military exports to human rights to détente and then rollback after the rules of the military arms transfer abusers and to active war zones. The Soviet Union collapsed on itself in game. Only states, acting collectively, Arms Trade Treaty is a treaty for the the late 1980s. can do this. rest of the 21st century. Much of the work of Project Fortunately, states have committed An extended period of implemen- Ploughshares on arms control, disar- themselves to an international order tation is no cause for discourage- mament, and non-proliferation of ruled by law and generally accepted ment. After all, the ATT took 20 weapons of mass destruction is an norms of behaviour through mem- years to emerge from protracted in- exercise in containment. Clearly not bership in the United Nations and ternational negotiations. the same as superpower containment, adherence to the UN Charter. Each Kenneth Epps and Project it is containment from below. By mo- of these—law, norms, UN, the UN Ploughshares have been working on bilizing public sentiment and assist- Charter—is imperfect in so many the ATT since 1997. We now begin a ing in the development of effective ways. But this formal acceptance of new act on treaty implementation in international laws, Ploughshares an international order with rules cre- the larger play about restricting mili- works with others in civil society ates the opening for Ploughshares tary transfers and instruments of war movements to contain the weapons and other civil society actors to work that plague humanity. that intensify devastating humanitar- with sympathetic states. Together we The ATT is not perfect, but there ian disasters in violent conflicts. can push for treaties that mutually will be opportunities to improve it. It On April 2 a tiny circle of our bind consenting states while contain- is another strand of international law staff in Waterloo raised glasses of ing or limiting some aspects of their to contain the forces of militarism bubbly with Senior Program Officer sovereign powers. and death—a significant triumph for Kenneth Epps to celebrate the pas- Like the tiny inhabitants of Lil- containment from below. The Ploughshares Monitor | Summer 2013 3 ABoVE: On June 3, delegates and ministers from around the world signed the historic Arms Trade Treaty at the United Nations. Signatures are added by rep- resentatives from the following countries: top row (left to right): Senegal, Iceland, Japan; second row: Mali, New Zealand, Republic of Korea; third row: Slovenia, St. Lucia, Sweden; fourth row: Switzerland, United Kingdom, Uruguay; fifth row: Czech Republic, France, Seychelles. Control Arms photos 4 The Ploughshares Monitor | Summer 2013 A tool to tackle armed violence Effective implementation of the Arms Trade Treaty will reduce illegal and irresponsible arms transfers By Kenneth Epps hen the UN Gen- Canada was one of 155 states that eral Assembly voted in favour of the treaty—four-fifths voted overwhelm- of all UN member states. Only three ingly in favour of states voted against: Iran, North Korea, the global Arms and Syria. Not coincidentally, all the Trade Treaty (ATT) on April 2 the roomW naysayers are subject to multilateral arms burst into loud applause, not least from embargoes. Although the remaining 22 the civil society representatives watching states abstained on the vote—including from the gallery. Civil society organiza- major arms exporters China and Russia tions such as Project Ploughshares had and major importers India and Saudi Ara- good reason to celebrate the treaty. More bia—there are expectations that over time than a decade of their coordinated efforts these states will join the treaty or at least around the globe had finally produced a adhere to global norms arising from it. meaningful result. Not only does the ne- The Arms Trade Treaty resulted from gotiated treaty have the support of the negotiations among UN member states, a vast majority of UN member states, but process that inevitably involved compro- also, as consistently called for by civil soci- mise. The product is not an ideal treaty. ety advocates, it can fulfill its humanitarian Nevertheless, the ATT can and should be purpose: to reduce human suffering. an important tool in worldwide efforts to It is widely acknowledged that civil so- reduce armed violence. Effective imple- ciety organizations sparked the treaty dis- mentation by states parties of treaty pro- cussions that began formally at the UN in visions will reduce and could eliminate the 2006. Civil society groups also maintained illegal and irresponsible arms transfers subsequent support and pressure to see that feed violence. the treaty delivered by the UN system. The strengths of the treaty outweigh its Many skeptics openly doubted that an ef- weaknesses, but the latter need to be ac- fective treaty could emerge from UN ne- knowledged and addressed.