Development of Emissions Inventory for Inland Water Transport in Bangkok, Thailand Final Report Submitted to: Climate and Clean Air Coalition & Thailand Pollution Control Department Submitted by: Dr. Ekbordin Winijkul Environmental Engineering and Management Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) 31st August 2020 Table of Content PROJECT OVERVIEW AND KEY FINDINGS 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Objectives 3 1.3 Scope of the project 4 CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY 5 2.1 Framework of methodology 5 2.2 Data collection 7 2.3 Emission estimation 9 2.4 Emission estimation of all boat groups 14 2.5 Excel calculation tool for inland water transport emission 15 2.6 Emission comparison 16 2.7 Emission impact area from inland water transport 16 2.8 Emission reduction policy recommendations 16 CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY OF ACTIVITY DATA AND EMISSION 18 FACTORS 3.1 Activity data 18 3.2 Emission factors 22 CHAPTER 4 EMISSION INVENTORY RESULTS 24 4.1 Emission inventory results 24 4.2 Emission comparison 36 4.3 Spatial and temporal distribution of emission 38 4.4 Inland water transport emission impact area 44 4.5 Excel emission calculation template for inland water transport 45 4.6 Emission control strategies 46 CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND LIMITATIONS 49 5.1 Summary 49 5.2 Recommendations for citizen and boat operator 50 5.3 Limitations in emission estimation 50 REFERENCES 51 APPENDICES 53 Appendix 1 Survey of boat trips and information of each boat group 53 Appendix 2 Emission share of different boat types 66 Appendix 3 Spatial distribution of emission 73 PROJECT OVERVIEW AND KEY FINDINGS The project “Development of emission inventory for inland water transport in Bangkok, Thailand” aims at estimating emission for inland water transport in Bangkok, focusing on public boats in Chao Phraya river and Saen Seap canal, and provides recommendation on the policies to reduce emission from inland water transport in Bangkok. The EI results in 2019 were developed in this study to provide the information to Thailand Pollution Control Department (PCD) to prepare the management plan for reducing emission from inland water transport in Bangkok. This project was supported by the Climate and Clean Air Coalition’s (CCAC) Solutions Center and the United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP). The project period is October 2019 – August 2020. The team started the preliminary survey in October 2019 and conducted the main survey during January to May 2020. The emission inventory template and progress report were submitted to CCAC and PCD in December 2019 and May 2020, respectively. The final MS Excel emission calculation template is transferred to PCD and CCAC together with this final report. This final report presents the EI results for inland water transport in Bangkok and policy recommendations to reduce emission from this sector. The project collected activity data such as engine load factor, travelling distance, boat trips, number of passengers, operating time during cruising and idling. The emission factors were calculated based on NONROAD model methodology proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency which incorporated the effects of engine size, age, load factor and sulfur content in fuel. Idling emission factors were also estimated to capture emission from boats while idling during embarking and waiting for passengers at the pier. Seven categories with thirteen routes of Chao Phraya boats (Green flag, Orange flag, Yellow flag, No flag, Gold flag, Blue flag and Shuttle boats), two routes of Saen Saep boats and twenty three routes of cross river ferries were included in this study. The inventory covered thirteen pollutants, including Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Non-methane Hydrocarbon (NMHC), Methane (CH4), Ammonia (NH3), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5), Black Carbon (BC) and Organic Carbon (OC). Then, the emission reduction policies were proposed to reduce emission from inland water transport. Key findings of the project are summarized below: In term of PM2.5, BC, and CO2, emissions from public inland water transports in 2019 were 12.1, 6.1, and 19,011 tons/year, respectively. These emissions were equivalent to the emission of only 380 in-used buses while the total number of in-used buses in Bangkok were estimated to be 14,148 in 2019. When considering emission per passenger, the emission per passenger of inland water boats was 0.006 g/km-passenger which was almost the same as the emission per passenger of buses and vans. However, when comparing the emission per passenger with the emission from buses with different standards, this emission of inland water boats was the same level of the emission of Euro 2 buses while the majority (about 36%) of the bus in Bangkok are Euro 3. As such, inland water boats emit more PM2.5 per passenger per kilometer than the majority of buses in Bangkok. The PM2.5 emission was spatially distributed in the study area, and the emission was used as inputs to run the dispersion model with the meteorological data in 2015. The results showed that the emission from inland water boats could contribute to a maximum of 1-4 μg⁄m3of 24-hr average PM2.5 concentration in the distance of one kilometer away from the river or 1 canal, contributing significantly to the PM2.5 concentration and people lives along the river and canal, and passengers taking boats for daily commute. People living along the San Seap canal and the Chao Phraya river, especially the area close to the busy piers, should wear mask or use air purifier in the houses during rush hours. Similarly, boat passengers should wear mask at the piers and on the boats to reduce personal exposure to the pollutant. Switching boat engines to Tier 4/Euro 6 with 10 ppm sulfur fuel could reduce 98% of PM2.5 emission from the current situation. Using 10 ppm sulfur fuel with the existing engines would only reduce PM2.5 emissions by 5% from the current situation. Thus, the best policy recommendation for PM2.5 emission reduction from boats are promoting the use of 10 ppm sulfur and switching to Tier 4/Euro 6 engines. Use of electric motors will bring tail-pipe emissions to zero and can significantly reduce air pollution along the river and canals. Other recommendations include limiting the age of engines, and reducing idling through better operations in stations and route planning. The researchers also acknowledge the potential of inland waterways to help decongest traffic congestion in Bangkok. Expansion and improvement of inland passenger transport could lead overall reduction of air pollution in the city, while providing better mobility to its citizens. This project also developed an MS Excel emission calculation template for inland water transport which can be used to assess the emission of inland water transport for other cities. Many major cities in Southeast Asia, and the world, are in major rivers and canals connecting to the coast. While many inland waterways are used for freight, not many cities are looking at passenger transport. Bangkok provides a good example in connecting road and waterway public transport. Inland waterways have the potential to alleviate road traffic and reduce overall emission from transport. 2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Every year during November to March, Thailand has been facing with the problem of high Particulate Matter with diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) concentrations in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region or BMR. The high level of PM2.5 causes adverse effects to people health and affect economy of Thailand, e.g. affect tourism. Thailand Pollution Control Department (PCD) with other organizations has urged people to aware of the problem and protect themselves during the high PM2.5 episodes. PCD also uses air quality management tools which are emission inventory, air quality monitoring and air quality modeling to manage air quality during the episode. However, the emission inventory which is one of the important components in air quality management does not up-to-date and cover all the sources in Bangkok. Previous studies suggested that three categories of emission sources; traffic, open burning and secondary aerosols, contributed about nearly one-third each to the PM2.5 pollution in Bangkok. However, emission from inland water transport has not been studied and has not been included in the previous inventories. Old engines on the boats with large amount of black smoke emission during boat departing and embarking the ports may contribute significantly to the total emission in Bangkok. Studying the emission from inland waterway is, thus, necessary to better understand and manage PM2.5 emission sources in Bangkok. To assist in the continuous effort in maintaining an up-to-date emission inventory, the template that is easy and convenient for users and specifically for the local sources are required, and will be developed by the end of 2019. This study will add a separate calculation sheet to the emission inventory template that will be developed for Bangkok, focusing on emission calculation for inland water transport in Bangkok. It will then be used to evaluate control strategies and gives policy recommendation, preparing the policy makers for management of the coming PM2.5 episodes. 1.2 Objectives This study aims at estimating emission for inland water transport in Bangkok, focusing on public boats in Chao Phraya river and Saen Seap canal. The specific objectives of this study are indicated as follows; 1. To estimate spatial and temporal emission for inland water transport in Chao Phraya river and Saen Saep canal; 2. To develop an excel calculation tool for inland water transport emission estimation; 3. To identify policies and measures to reduce emission from inland water transport in Bangkok.