VU Research Portal The lunar crust Martinot, Melissa 2019 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Martinot, M. (2019). The lunar crust: A study of the lunar crust composition and organisation with spectroscopic data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 10. Oct. 2021 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT THE LUNAR CRUST A study of the lunar crust composition and organisation with spectroscopic data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor of Philosophy aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. V. Subramaniam, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Bètawetenschappen op maandag 7 oktober 2019 om 13.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Mélissa Martinot geboren te Die, Frankrijk promotoren: prof.dr. W. van Westrenen prof.dr. C. Quantin-Nataf copromotoren: dr. J.D. Flahaut dr. S. Besse Reading committee: Prof. Dr. Gareth Davies (chairman) prof.dr. Pascal Allemand prof.dr. Violaine Sautter dr. Kerri Donaldson-Hanna dr. Rachel Klima prof.dr. Chloé Michaut This research was carried out at: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Faculty of Science Amsterdam, the Netherlands University of Lyon Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement Lyon, France THE LUNAR CRUST - A study of the lunar crust composition and organisation with spectroscopic data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper Authored by Mélissa Martinot Credits for the front cover picture: Mélissa Martinot Credits for the back cover picture: Clément Brustel N° d’ordre NNT : 2019LYSE1206 THÈSE de DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE LYON opérée au sein de l’Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 École Doctorale N° 52 Physique et Astrophysique de Lyon Discipline : Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers Soutenue publiquement le 07 octobre 2019, par : Mélissa MARTINOT La croûte lunaire Étude de la composition et de l’organisation de la croûte lunaire avec les données spectroscopiques de l’instrument Moon rMine alogy Mapper Devant le jury composé de : Sautter, Violaine Directrice de Recherche CNRS, Université Paris 6 Rapporteure Michaut, Chloé Professeure, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon Rapporteure Donaldson-Hanna, Kerri Associate Professor, University of Central Florida Examinatrice Klima, Rachel Researcher, Johns Hopkins University Examinatrice Allemand, Pascal Professeur, Université de Lyon (UCBL) Examinateur Davies, Gareth Professor, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Examinateur Encadrants de thèse : van Westrenen, Wim Professor, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Directeur de thèse Quantin-Nataf, Cathy Professeure, Université de Lyon (UCBL) Directrice de thèse Flahaut, Jessica Chargée de Recherche, CRPG de Nancy Co-directrice de thèse Besse, Sébastien Science coordinator for ESA’s PSA, ESAC Co-directeur de thèse Contents Acknowldegments vii Summary ix 0 Introduction 1 1 Mineralogical diversity and geology of Humboldt crater derived using Moon Mineralogy Mapper data 9 1.1 Introduction . 10 1.2 Humboldt Crater . 11 1.3 Datasets and Methods . 12 1.3.1 Remote Sensing Data . 12 1.3.2 Extraction of Spectral Parameters . 13 1.4 Results . 15 1.4.1 Mineralogical Detections . 15 1.4.2 Scatter Plots . 20 1.4.3 Crater Morphology. 23 1.4.4 Crater Counts . 23 1.5 Discussion . 23 1.6 Conclusion . 32 2 Compositional variations in the vicinity of the lunar crust-mantle inter- face from Moon Mineralogy Mapper data 41 2.1 Introduction . 42 2.2 Material and Methods. 44 2.2.1 Datasets . 44 2.2.2 Lunar Minerals in the Crater Selection . 47 2.2.3 Calculation of the Proximity Value to the Crust-Mantle Interface 48 2.2.4 Craters Selection . 48 2.3 Results . 51 2.3.1 Mineralogical Detections . 51 2.3.2 Lateral Distribution . 52 2.3.3 Vertical Distribution . 52 iii iv Contents 2.4 Discussion . 57 2.4.1 Methods Limitations . 57 2.4.2 Previous Studies’ Craters Pcmi Calculation and Comparison to the Present Survey Crater Selection . 57 2.4.3 Spinel and Olivine Detections . 57 2.4.4 Plagioclase Detections . 59 2.4.5 Pyroxene Detections . 60 2.4.6 Comparison Between Pyroxene Detections and Mare / Crypto- mare Locations . 62 2.4.7 Summary . 62 2.5 Conclusions. 63 3 Mineralogical survey of the Anorthositic Feldspathic Highlands Terrane crust using Moon Mineralogy Mapper data 71 3.1 Introduction . 72 3.2 Material and Methods. 75 3.2.1 Reflectance Data and Crater Selection . 75 3.2.2 Data Processing and Pyroxene Composition Analysis . 77 3.2.3 SPA Ejecta Thickness Calculation . 78 3.2.4 Proximity Value to an Interface. 78 3.3 Results . 79 3.3.1 Mineralogical Detections . 79 3.3.2 Pyroxene Compositional Variations . 85 3.3.3 Evolution of the Pyroxene Composition With Depth . 87 3.4 Discussion . 87 3.4.1 Mineralogy. 87 3.4.2 Central Peak Pyroxene Compositional Variation . 89 3.4.3 Link Between Pyroxene Composition and Crustal Depth. 91 3.5 Conclusions. 94 3.6 Supporting Information. 94 4 Application of the developed tools to future science exploration Science-rich sites for future lunar exploration (Chang’E-4 mission) 105 4.1 Geological Characteristics of the Chang’E-4 Landing Site Region: Von Kármán Crater, Northwestern South Pole-Aitken Basin . 106 4.1.1 Introduction . 107 4.1.2 Methods . 110 4.1.3 Results . 112 4.1.4 Discussion . 118 4.1.5 Conclusions . 127 Contents v 5 Application of the developed tools to future science exploration Science-rich sites for future lunar exploration (Chang’E-5 mission) 135 5.1 Geology and Scientific Significance of the Rümker Region in Northern Oceanus Procellarum: China’s Chang’E-5 Landing Region . 135 5.1.1 Introduction . 136 5.1.2 Data and Methods . 139 5.1.3 Results . 142 5.1.4 Discussion . 155 5.1.5 Conclusions . 163 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 177 A Remote sensing and in situ mineralogic survey of the Chilean salars: An analog to Mars evaporate deposits? 183 A.1 Introduction . 184 A.2 Regional context . 185 A.3 Method . 189 A.3.1 GIS setting . 189 A.3.2 Field sampling and field VNIR spectroscopy . 189 A.3.3 Raman spectroscopy . 190 A.3.4 X-ray diffraction . 190 A.4 Results . 192 A.4.1 Remote sensing observations . 192 A.4.2 Field observations . 193 A.4.3 VNIR spectroscopy. 196 A.4.4 Raman spectroscopy . 198 A.4.5 Quantitative analysis from XRD . 198 A.5 Discussion . 199 A.5.1 Correlation between field (VNIR) and lab (Raman, XRD) analyses 199 A.5.2 Correlation between spaceborne and ground data . 204 A.5.3 Mineralogy of Chilean salars . 205 A.5.4 Relevance to Mars . 207 A.6 Conclusions. 210 Acknowledgements This section will not be very long, because I prefer to express my thanks in per- son rather than write them (it would be too long to list all persons involved in this experience being a success anyway!). I would like to thank my supervisors and co-supervisors, who guided me through the PhD haze with their many good tips and words! I am seeing the light at the end of the tunnel now (finally!), thank you for your patience. I would like to thank the reading committee and the members of the jury to take the energy and time to read this manuscript and assist to the defence, as well as their patience for the administrative hiccups during reviewing time. I would also like to thank my colleagues from everywhere, it was nice to be able to talk to people going through the same haze, or to see that one can survive it! Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends, who supported me, welcomed me in all kinds of happiness homes. I could find a place to relax and calm down at your places, which helped me tremendously. vii Summary Over the past 50 years, our knowledge of the Moon has grown immensely. Progress in lunar science occurred through several phases. The first phase happened in the 1960s and 70s, during the Apollo and Luna missions, with the study of samples re- turned from the lunar surface. Petrological characterisation of lunar samples sparked the Lunar Magma Ocean concept, from which ensued the traditional view of the lunar crust and mantle organisation: the crust is plagioclase-rich, and its mafic content increases with increasing depth. The lunar mantle is commonly thought to be olivine- rich, like that of the Earth. The second lunar exploration phase happened in the 1990s, when satellites were launched into lunar orbit, collecting the first global remote sens- ing datasets. Owing to their wide to global coverage, remote sensing brought new insight into lunar science that is complementary to that provided by lunar samples. During the third, current phase of lunar exploration, new datasets were collected by spacecrafts orbiting the Moon between the 2000s and today.