Cold Water Safety and Survival: Volume 2 Surviving Outdoor Adventures Written by Alaska Marine Safety Education Association staff: Marian Allen, Steven Campbell, Jerry Dzugan, Dan Falvey, Michael Jones, Rick McElrath, and Shawn Newell Edited by Marian Allen, Susan Jensen, Shawn Newell, Dan Walker, and Madelyn Walker Published by University of Alaska Sea Grant Fairbanks, Alaska SG-ED-37 This publication is a product of the Alaska Marine Safety Education Association (AMSEA) whose mission is to reduce injury and the loss of life, due to drowning and hypothermia, through education and training. AMSEA is supported by the following organizations: Alaska Vocational Technical Center (AVTEC); University of Alaska Marine Advisory Program; North Pacific Fishermen’s Association; North Pacific Fisheries Observer Training Center; Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium; Southeast Alaska Regional Health Consortium, Environmental Health; Alaska Department of Fish and Game; Petersburg Vessel Owners Association; Alaska Department of Health and Human Services, Community Health and Emergency Medical Services Section; National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Safety Research; U.S. Coast Guard 17th District, Maritime Office of Compliance (MOC). This publication was made possible by funding from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Rural Health Outreach; the Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs; the Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health; the Reuben E. Crossett Endowed Alaskan Fund; and the Sitka, Alaska, School District Migrant Education Program. New lesson plans and additional teaching resources can be found on AMSEA’s Web site www.amsea.org. Elmer E. Rasmuson Library Cataloging in Publication Data: Cold water safety and survival / editors: Marian Allen . [et al.]. — Fairbanks, Alaska : University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program, 2002. 350 p. : ill. ; cm. – (Surviving outdoor adventures ; v.2) Note: Curriculum for grades 3-12. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Survival skills—Study and teaching (Elementary)—Alaska. 2. Life preservers—Study and teaching (Elementary)—Alaska. 3. Boating for children—Study and teaching (Elementary)—Alaska. 4. Cold— Physiological effect—Study and teaching (Elementary)—Alaska. 5. Hypothermia—Study and teaching (Elementary)—Alaska. I. Title. II. Allen, Marian. III. Series: Surviving outdoor adventures ; v.2. GF86.C65 2002 ISBN 1-56612-074-8 Credits This book is published by the University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program, which is cooperatively supported by the U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA National Sea Grant Office, Grant no. NA86RG-0050, projects A/151- 01 and A/161-01; and by the University of Alaska Fairbanks with state funds. The University of Alaska is an affirmative action/equal opportunity institution. Cover design by Dixon Jones, copyedit by Sue Keller, layout and design by Sue Mitchell, Inkworks, Fairbanks, Alaska. Sea Grant is a unique partnership with public and private sectors combining research, education, and technology transfer for public service. This national network of universities meets changing environmental and economic needs of people in our coastal, ocean, and Great Lakes regions. ATMOSPH ND ER University of Alaska Sea Grant A IC IC A N D A M E I C N P.O. Box 755040 I O S L T A R N A 203 O’Neill Bldg. T O I I O T N A N Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5040 U E S C (907) 474-6707 Fax (907) 474-6285 D R E E P M A M RT O MENT OF C http://www.uaf.edu/seagrant/ Table of Contents Welcome to Surviving Outdoor Adventures! ................................ v Acknowledgments..................................................................................... vi How to Use Volume 2: Cold Water Safety and Survival ......................... 1 Getting around Volume 2: Cold Water Safety and Survival ................... 1 Permission Forms and Waivers ................................................................ 2 Unit 1: Hypothermia ..........................................................................7 Unit Rationale ........................................................................................... 7 Unit Goal.................................................................................................... 7 Hypothermia: Teacher Information ......................................................... 9 Hypothermia Definitions .................................................................... 9 Heat Gain vs. Heat Loss ................................................................... 10 General Causes of Hypothermia....................................................... 11 Preventing Hypothermia .................................................................. 11 Signs and Symptoms of Hypothermia .............................................. 13 Hypothermia Treatment ................................................................... 15 Hypothermia: Activities Guide ............................................................... 17 Activities .................................................................................................. 22 Unit 2: Personal Flotation Devices ................................................ 101 Unit Rationale ....................................................................................... 101 Unit Goal................................................................................................ 101 Personal Flotation Devices: Teacher Information .............................. 103 Why Wear a Personal Flotation Device (PFD)? ............................. 103 PFDs Should Be Worn ..................................................................... 103 General Properties of PFDs ............................................................ 103 PFD Styles and Their Protection against Hypothermia............... 103 PFD Requirements .......................................................................... 105 Personal Considerations for PFDs ................................................. 106 PFD Use ........................................................................................... 106 PFD Care and Maintenance ........................................................... 109 PFD Storage..................................................................................... 111 PFDs: Activities Guide .......................................................................... 113 Activities ................................................................................................ 116 Unit 3: Cold Water Survival ............................................................... 165 Unit Rationale ....................................................................................... 165 Unit Goals .............................................................................................. 165 Cold Water Survival: Teacher Information ......................................... 167 Physiological Effects of Cold Water Immersion ............................ 167 Alcohol Consumption ...................................................................... 167 Survival Factors in Cold Water Emergencies ................................ 168 Seven Steps to Survival................................................................... 170 Liferafts ............................................................................................ 173 Rescue Techniques for People in the Water................................... 175 iii Ice Safety .......................................................................................... 177 Ice Rescue Techniques .................................................................... 180 Cold Water Near-Drowning ............................................................ 181 Cold Water Survival: Activities Guide ................................................. 185 Activities ................................................................................................ 189 Overhead Masters ................................................................................. 289 Resources ................................................................................................. 339 iv Welcome to Surviving Outdoor Adventures! Surviving Outdoor Adventures is a K-12 Each instructional unit has an introduction curriculum designed to be used in its entirety or page that summarizes the unit’s rationale and in parts to help you prepare children and young goals. Used with the unit’s activities guide, it adults to play and work safely in the outdoors provides a tool for you to choose the topics and and around cold water. This curriculum consists activities that will be most relevant to your of four volumes: students and their outdoor safety and survival. 1. Survivor! (for Kindergarten through second Activities are approached in a variety of ways grade) and incorporate the following Content 2. Cold Water Safety and Survival (for third Standards subjects: Language Arts, through twelfth grades) Mathematics, Science, Geography, Government 3. Small Boat Safety and Survival (for third and Citizenship, History, Skills for a Healthy through twelfth grades) Life, Arts, World Languages, Technology, Library/Information Literacy, and Cultural 4. Land Safety and Survival (for third through Standards (Alaska Content Standards, 2000 twelfth grades) edition). Each volume can be used alone and contains: • Instructional units—each with objectives, an activities guide, background information, a variety