Exploratory Study of Waste Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 113 Generation and Waste Minimization in Sweden Exploratory Study of Waste Generation and Waste Dina Kuslyaykina Minimization in Sweden Dina Kuslyaykina Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences Master Thesis E, in Sustainable Development, 30 credits Printed at Department of Earth Sciences, Master’s Thesis Geotryckeriet, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 2013. E, 30 credits Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 113 Exploratory Study of Waste Generation and Waste Minimization in Sweden Dina Kuslyaykina Supervisor: Prof. Lars Rydén Evaluator: Prof. Hans Liljenström Content 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Relevance of the topic ....................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Research problem .............................................................................................................................................. 3 1.3. Goals and objectives .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.4. Object and subject of the research ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.5. Sources of information ...................................................................................................................................... 4 1.6. Focus, delimitations and constraints .................................................................................................................. 5 2. Waste and sustainable development ...................................................................................................................... 7 2.1. The concept of waste and its evolution .............................................................................................................. 7 2.2. The value of waste and challenges to sustainability .......................................................................................... 8 2.3. Waste in different schools of thought as a contradictory notion ...................................................................... 10 3. Waste generation factors according to previous research ................................................................................. 12 3.1. Review of literature and previous studies on the topic .................................................................................... 12 3.2. Conclusion on waste generation factors .......................................................................................................... 14 4. European legislation on waste minimization ....................................................................................................... 15 4.1. General description .......................................................................................................................................... 15 4.2. Summary of Waste Framework Directive ....................................................................................................... 16 4.3. Important features ............................................................................................................................................ 18 4.4. Conclusion on waste minimization steps ......................................................................................................... 19 5. Framework and goals of waste management in Sweden .................................................................................... 20 5.1. The Swedish Parliament and the Swedish Government .................................................................................. 20 5.2. Naturvårdsverket: The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency ................................................................ 21 5.3. “Det finns inget avfall”, or “Zero Waste” vision ............................................................................................. 22 5.4. Conclusion on framework, goals and achievements of Swedish waste management ...................................... 23 6. Organization of waste management in Sweden .................................................................................................. 24 6.1. Actors of Swedish waste management ............................................................................................................ 24 6.2. Waste management system and the variety of methods ................................................................................... 25 6.3. Amounts of waste produced, treated and deposited in Sweden ....................................................................... 26 7. Methodology........................................................................................................................................................... 29 7.1. Tasks and models ............................................................................................................................................. 29 7.2. Data collection, sources and availability ......................................................................................................... 30 7.3. Methods and the plan of analysis ..................................................................................................................... 31 8. Analysis and interpretation of results .................................................................................................................. 32 8.1. Data consistency and quality ........................................................................................................................... 32 8.2. Normality tests and pairwise correlations ........................................................................................................ 33 8.3. Missing values analysis ................................................................................................................................... 37 1. The data on waste collection and landfill amounts are missing. .................................................................... 37 2. The data on recycling are missing. ................................................................................................................. 40 3. The data on waste incineration and biological treatment are missing. ........................................................... 41 4. Differences between sample with all the key parameters present and the database with all kinds of missing values. ................................................................................................................................................................ 42 8.4. Fulfillment of requirements and assumptions for multiple regression models ................................................ 43 8.5. Method for treating missing values and sample size ....................................................................................... 43 8.6. Modelling......................................................................................................................................................... 44 1. Model for explaining the variance of the amount of collected waste by socio-economic parameters ........... 44 2. Model for explaining the variance of the amount of recycled waste ............................................................. 44 3. Model for explaining the variance of the amount of landfilled waste ............................................................ 45 9. Conclusion and discussion .................................................................................................................................... 46 10. Appendix .............................................................................................................................................................. 48 Glossary: Definitions of terms from the Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives ...................................................................... 48 List of abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... 48 Annex I to Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives ............................................................................................................... 49 Annex II to Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives ............................................................................................................... 49 Annex IV to Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives ............................................................................................................... 49 Supporting tables to 8.3 Analysis of missing values, point 2 – comparison of groups of cases depending on the availability of data on recycling ......................................................................................................................... 51 Supporting tables to 8.3 Analysis of missing values, point 3 – comparison