0066486 American Oystercatchers in Maryland and Virginia, USA: Status and Distribution ALEXANDRA L. WILKE1, DAVID F. BRINKER2, BRYAN D. WATTS3, ASHLEY H. TRAUT2, RUTH BOETTCHER4, JAMES M. MCCANN2, BARRY R. TRUITT1 AND PAMELA P. DENMON5 1The Nature Conservancy in Virginia, Virginia Coast Reserve, Nassawadox, VA 23413 Internet: [email protected] 2Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD 21401 3Center for Conservation Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187 4Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Painter, VA 23420 5United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge, Cape Charles, VA 23310 Abstract.—The conservation status of the American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus palliatus) along the Chesapeake Bay, coastal bays, and barrier island shorelines of Maryland and Virginia has been investigated in detail in recent years. The region supports approximately 700 breeding pairs with more than 80% occurring on the east coast of the Delmarva Peninsula and less than 20% occurring along the shorelines of the Chesapeake Bay. The num- ber of breeding pairs in Maryland appears to have been stable or to have increased slightly during the past 20 years. The overall trend of the breeding population in Virginia is less clear, but recent evidence suggests that numbers on the barrier islands are increasing after more than two decades of a declining trend. The coastal bays and barrier is- lands typically support between 1,500 and 2,000 wintering birds with most occurring on the east coast of the Virginia portion of the Delmarva Peninsula. The shorelines of both states together play an important role in supporting core breeding and wintering populations of the American Oystercatcher in the eastern United States. Throughout the region, oystercatchers are facing threats common to all coastal waterbird and shorebird species such as predation and overwash events. The threat of habitat loss to development, however, is not as alarming as in other areas of the species’s breeding range due to a significant amount of habitat being in protective conservation ownership or being unfit for development and recreation purposes. Habitat loss attributed to sea level rise, barrier island dynamics, and the indirect effects of development, such as pollution and contaminants, may play more important roles in the sta- bility of breeding and wintering habitat for the American Oystercatcher in Maryland and Virginia. Key words.—American Oystercatcher, conservation, distribution, Haematopus palliatus, status, Maryland, Virginia. Waterbirds 30 (Special Publication 1): 152-162, 2007 The eastern race of the American Oyster- Humphrey 1994). Much of these habitats are catcher (Haematopus palliatus palliatus) oc- under intense pressure from humans for rec- curs along the east coast of North America reation and development. Coastal regions from Nova Scotia south to the Yucatan Penin- comprise only 17% of the contiguous land sula (Nol and Humphrey 1994; Mawhinney area of the United States, but 53% of the et al. 1999). It is one of only a few shorebird nation’s human population inhabits these ar- species that breeds and winters in the tem- eas, with population densities reaching their perate coastal regions of the Chesapeake Bay highest on the east coast (Culliton 1998). and the coastal bays and barrier islands of The American Oystercatcher is inherently Maryland and Virginia. The species is found intolerant to excessive levels of disturbance, in highly restricted coastal habitats through- has a small population size and a very restrict- out its range during both breeding and win- ed year-round range. These characteristics tering seasons. Oystercatchers are territorial, make the species particularly vulnerable to solitary nesters and typically breed on sand issues affecting all coastal shorebird species, and/or shell beaches, salt marshes and such as habitat loss and alteration due to in- dredge spoil islands (Nol and Humphrey creasing development and recreation, pollu- 1994). Wintering birds are found in the same tion, human disturbance and expanding coastal areas, close to abundant food re- predator populations (Erwin 1980; Nol and sources and suitable roosting areas (Nol and Humphrey 1994; Davis et al. 2001). 152 0066487 OYSTERCATCHER STATUS IN MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA 153 The conservation status of the American ers et al. 2004; Brown et al. 2005). Many of Oystercatcher has received much attention these studies have focused on the southeast- in recent years. The United States Shorebird ern portion of the species’ range. A signifi- Conservation Plan lists the species as one of cant number of research and monitoring ef- “high conservation concern” at a national forts have focused on American Oystercatch- level because of its small population size and ers in Maryland and Virginia in recent years restricted range (Brown et al. 2001). Al- as well. The purpose of this paper is to sum- though the American Oystercatcher is not marize the existing information concerning listed as threatened or endangered by the the breeding and wintering status of Ameri- United States Fish and Wildlife Service En- can Oystercatchers along the Chesapeake dangered Species Act, several state govern- Bay, coastal bays and barrier island shore- ments include oystercatchers on their lists of lines of Maryland and Virginia and to ad- “species of concern,” including Florida and dress current threats and research needs for Georgia. The American Oystercatcher is not the species in these states. listed by Maryland or Virginia. Prior to the early 1980s, there was rela- FOCAL AREA tively little information in the literature re- garding American Oystercatchers. Earlier The geographic scope of information published reports focused on oystercatcher presented here includes three general re- distribution along the east coast of the Unit- gions within Maryland and Virginia: (1) bar- ed States and brief notes and observations rier islands, (2) extensive marsh/lagoon sys- about the species’ behavior (e.g., Frohling tems between the barrier islands and main- 1965; Cadman 1979; Kilham 1979). In the land portions of the Delmarva Peninsula, mid-1980s, detailed studies conducted on hereafter referred to as coastal bays, and (3) three northern barrier islands of Virginia western and eastern shorelines of the Chesa- provided important fundamental informa- peake Bay, not including tributaries (Fig. 1). tion about the breeding biology of American Detailed descriptions of these areas are Oystercatchers (Nol et al. 1984; Nol 1985, found in Wilke et al. (2005) for Virginia and 1989). In the years following this work, re- Traut et al. (2006) for Maryland. searchers in other parts of the species’s range began to expand on these baseline BREEDING POPULATION studies. Evidence of population declines (Williams et al. 2000; Davis et al. 2001; B. Wil- Historical Distribution liams, College of William and Mary, unpubl. data) and low productivity (Novick 1996; The details of changes in the range of Davis 1999), along with the aforementioned oystercatchers along the east coast of the shorebird conservation plan assessment and United States during the past century have a recognition of the American Oystercatch- been summarized in the literature. The spe- er’s potential as a bioindicator of the health cies is thought to have occurred in the past as of our coastal ecosystems, continued to em- far north as Labrador (see discussion in phasize the need for a better understanding Humphrey 1990); however, Virginia was con- of the population status and general ecology sidered the northern limit of the species’ of the species. Recent studies have focused breeding range at the beginning of the on documenting site specific productivity Twentieth century (American Ornitholo- and factors affecting reproductive success gists’ Union 1910). At that time, populations (Davis et al. 2001; George 2002; McGowan north of Virginia were believed to have been 2004; McGowan et al. 2005; Sabine et al. decimated by egg collecting, market hunting 2006), specific effects of human disturbance and human disturbance (Bent 1929; Hum- on oystercatcher productivity (George 2002; phrey 1990). Subsequent breeding records McGowan and Simons 2006), and status of throughout the early to mid-Twentieth cen- wintering populations (Nol et al. 2000; Sand- tury document a northward expansion of 0066488 154 WATERBIRDS formal survey of breeding pairs during the state’s Breeding Bird Atlas Survey of 1983- 1987 (Brinker 1996). The Atlas Survey was the most comprehensive at that time and es- timated Maryland’s breeding population of American Oystercatchers to be 50 to 75 pairs (Brinker 1996). Bailey stated that the American Oyster- catcher “. is the next bird to become ex- tinct on our Virginia coast, for it is truly a scarce bird now” (Bailey 1913). Bailey’s re- marks and corresponding maps of nesting bird locations suggest that the population of breeding oystercatchers in Virginia was close to being extirpated at the beginning of the 20th century, as it was believed to be north of the state at that time. The next large scale survey of oystercatchers in the state was con- ducted along the barrier islands in 1979 and it documented over 1,150 adults (Williams et al. 1990). A comparison of the 1979 survey Figure 1. Three focal areas surveyed for American Oys- results for oystercatchers on Cobb Island tercatcher breeding pairs from April-July 2003 in Mary- (one of Virginia’s barrier islands) with notes land and Virginia: (1) barrier islands, (2) coastal bays, and (3) shorelines of the Chesapeake Bay, not including from 1931, suggests an increase from eight tributaries. to 157 adults (Austin 1932; Williams et al. 1990). Similar dramatic increases likely oc- curred on all of Virginia’s barrier islands the breeding population and a gradual re- during the 20th century, probably due to the colonization of most of the species’ former passage of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in range. The first breeding record in Mary- 1918 and a subsequent decline in egg col- land was documented in 1939 (Stewart and lecting and market hunting.