Heritage Institute for Policy Studies 07 Policy Brief 06 | 2014 Diaspora Return to Somalia Perceptions and Implications Key Messages • The recent return of many diaspora Somalis • Diaspora Somalis often initiate dialogues with those represents a new phase of diaspora engagement with that remained in the country throughout the civil Somalia. Financial remittances still constitute a war. Non-diaspora Somalis, likewise, acknowledge crucial instrument through which the diaspora is able the importance of engaging with returnees in an to support communities across Somalia. However, effort to bridge differences and lay the foundations through their return the diverse and globally for rebuilding Somalia together. dispersed diaspora are also able to offer vital • Tensions between diaspora and non-diaspora assistance to the country’s reconstruction and Somalis continue to exist and are due to perceptions development efforts. of a sense of superiority among the diaspora, • Return is growing increasingly viable among employment advantages, and segregation in society. members of the diaspora. This is inspiring many These tensions may deepen if they are not sufficiently diaspora Somalis to consider putting expertise and addressed by all stakeholders. resources gained in their host countries to use in • Return is rarely permanent but often circular in their country of origin. Return remains, however, a nature, further exacerbating tensions between viable option only for those with citizenship in their diaspora Somalis and locals. Government entities in host countries, significant resources, and existing Somalia have a responsibility to ensure that professional networks in Somalia. conditions are conducive for the permanent return of • Diaspora returnees are growing increasingly visible diaspora Somalis by improving security conditions, in Somalia. Their increasing presence is prompting and providing adequate health and education numerous debates on the issue of return and how to services. maximize the potential of the ‘diaspora resource’ both in Somalia and beyond. Background departments under government ministries. In October 2013, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Data on the scale of diaspora return is lacking. It is, Mogadishu established the Department of Diaspora however, broadly acknowledged, based on the Affairs to deal specifically with diaspora increasing visibility of the diaspora in society, that engagement. The Somaliland Diaspora Agency, there has been a steady increase in returns in the housed under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and past few years. This increase marks a new phase of International Cooperation was established by diaspora engagement in Somalia. Remittances sent Presidential Decree in 2010. The Puntland Diaspora by the globally dispersed diaspora continue to Department, housed under the Ministry of Planning provide vital support to Somali families. Debates The Heritage Institute and International Cooperation was also established for Policy Studies (HIPS) regarding the role the diaspora can play in in 2010. is an independent, non- reconstruction efforts upon their return to Somalia partisan, non-profit are now increasing. This Briefing is based on a study which set out to policy research and explore the motivations behind the burgeoning analysis institute based The increasing visibility of the diaspora in society is return of the diaspora from the United States and in Mogadishu, Somalia. further reflected by the establishment of diaspora Norway, the types of return, and the nature of heritageinstitute.org | [email protected] | @HIPSInstitute returnees’ contributions to reconstruction and development desire to make an impact in Somalia. Educated diaspora efforts.1 The study sought also to examine common non- Somalis often face difficulties accessing employment in their diaspora perceptions of the impact of diaspora contributions countries of resettlement and acknowledge that expertise to reconstruction and development efforts, whilst also gained abroad are in greater demand in Somalia. considering the extent to which diaspora returnees’ Diaspora youth also balance personal goals with a desire to experiences in their host countries inform the decision to support reconstruction efforts though they are also often return. drawn to Somalia to rediscover their heritage and to reconnect Information and recommendations presented in this Briefing with an important part of their identity. Many young diaspora are based on 29 interviews with diaspora returnees and three Somalis further seek to gain valuable experience in Somalia focus group discussions with non-diaspora Somalis, in with which to return to their countries of resettlement or to Mogadishu, Garowe, and Hargeisa. 23 interviews were also gain employment with international development agencies. conducted with members of the Somali diaspora in Oslo, There remains an awareness among the diaspora, however, of Norway, and a further 21 interviews were conducted in the significant challenges of working in Somalia, including Minneapolis, United States. These cities were chosen due both continuing security concerns and the weak capacity of to their large Somali diaspora communities and to the government institutions to enforce law and order. In recent presence of partner institutions - The Humphrey School of months al-Shabaab has issued specific threats against Public Affairs in Minneapolis and the Peace Research Institute diaspora returnees. While such conditions may serve to Oslo (PRIO) in Oslo. increase determination to continue supporting fragile gains in The term ‘diaspora’ stimulates debate and contestation in the country they often also deter returnees from resettling Somalia. Non-diaspora Somalis usually reserve the term for permanently. As a result, return often follows a circular Somalis holding citizenship of western countries only. pattern between Somalia and host countries. Government officials in Somalia are now encouraging an Host countries often appear to misunderstand return expanded and more accurate definition to include dynamics. There appears to be an assumption that when communities based elsewhere in the world.2 Returnees and return is viable it will be permanent. Moreover, host countries locals agree, however, that the term is also fluid. Returnees are concerned by potential radicalization of diaspora youth often consider themselves to be ‘locals’ only months after and, subsequently, the security implications of circular moving back to Somalia. Similarly, non-diaspora Somalis returns. Engagement with the Somali diaspora is now a often refer to prominent and respected returnees as fellow component of the United States’ National Strategy for ‘locals’ within a relatively short period of time. Counterterrorism.3 Increasingly there is an awareness that the diaspora can play an important role in counter- Motivations and triggers radicalization both in Somalia and within host countries. “We have a duty to come back and improve our own country, Various non-governmental organizations (NGOs), foreign and to bring back what we have learned abroad.” governments, and United Nations agencies already offer “You can’t just return… You have to be able to show what you programs sponsoring the return of diaspora Somalis with the did when you were away... I feel that I have been able to make specific intention of building institutional capacity in Somalia. a difference.” These programs serve as effective vehicles to bring qualified individuals back to Somalia, benefiting local institutions while Diaspora returnees frequently emphasize the sense of also providing valuable work experience. obligation and responsibility they feel towards their country of origin with the education and expertise acquired in their For example, the Qualified Expatriate Somali Technical countries of resettlement. While such sentiments appear to Support - Migration for Development in Africa (QUESTS- resonate with many diaspora Somalis, however, without MIDA) project is a joint initiative between the International specific opportunities – a job offer, a business initiative, or a Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations political position, for example – return is not feasible. Development Programme (UNDP) designed to enable diaspora Somalis to share and transfer their acquired skills A major facilitator of return is western citizenship. with civil servants in public institutions through short term Citizenship enables mobility to and from Somalia. Many assignments.4 Countries supporting the project include the diaspora Somalis have families in their host countries unable United States, Japan, the Netherlands, Finland, and Sweden. or unwilling to return to Somalia yet. Citizenship enables frequent return trips to visit family members. In the event of a The Swedish International Development Agency’s Results sudden deterioration of security in Somalia foreign strategy for cooperation with Somalia 2013-2017 highlights its citizenship may also support evacuation. position on diaspora engagement in development efforts: “Focus should be on quickly promoting, in a cost-effective and The decision to return to Somalia may be motivated by a desire result-oriented manner, increased participation by the Somali to contribute to the country’s reconstruction, but is ultimately diaspora in the development of Somalia.”5 triggered by specific opportunities enabling them to do so. Returnees tend to balance fulfilling personal goals with a 2 Heritage Institute for Policy Studies Contributions