INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xarox Education Company 73-11,490 i GARDNER, James Michael, 1945- TRAINING NONPROFESSIONALS IN BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972 Psychology, clinical . University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan ( © 1973 JAMES MICHAEL GARDNER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. TRAINING NONPROFESSIONALS IN BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION V DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate— --- School of The Ohio State University^ By James Michael Gardner, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1972 Approved by ' Adviser T epartment of Psychology' PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received . University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company / ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author would like to thank the following faculty members: Saul Siegel, Henry Leland, Jagues Kaswan, and especially, J. Dennis Nolan. Thanks are also due to Linda Ott, Norman Cavior, Alan Butler, Pam Bandy and especially Grace Gardner, who knows what it all meant. VITA March 12, 1945 .... Born - Queens, New York City 1965 ................. B.A., Psychology, City College of New York, Manhattan, New York 1966 ................. M.A., General-Experimental Psy­ chology, Hunter College, Manhattan, New York 1966-1967 ........... Research Psychologist, Pennhurst State School and Hospital, Spring City, Pennsylvania 1968-1970............. Director of Behavior Modification Projects, Columbus State Institute Columbus, Ohio 1968-1970 ........... Member of editorial board of The Clinical Psychologist. 1969-1972 ........... Member of editorial board of Professional Psychology. 1970-1972 ........... Director of Research and Develop­ ment, Orient State Institute, Orient, Ohio- 197 0-1972............. Editorial consultant, Behavior Therapy 1972 ................. Editorial consultant, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1972 ................. Vice-President, Southwest Mental Health and Retardation Board, Franklin County, Ohio VITA (continued) PUBLICATIONS 1967 Gardner, J. M. Inservice training in institutions for the mentally retarded. Mental Retardation Abstracts, 1967, 4(4), 563-569. Gardner, J. M. The adjustment of drug addicts as measured by the sentence completion method. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1967, 31(3), 28-29. Gardner, J. M. The validity of a study habits question­ naire for predicting academic success. Psychological Reports, 1967., 21, 935-936. Gardner, J. M. The reliability of a nursing aide achieve­ ment test. Nursing Outlook, 1967, April, 71. Gardner, J. M. & Harrison, R. Reliability and validity of the qualitative analysis of the sentence completion method. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 1967, 31(6), 69-73. 1968 —, Gardner, J. M. Lightner Witmer-A neglected pioneer. Ameri­ can Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1968, 72, 719-720. i 1 Gardner, J. M. The scientist-professional model. The Clinical Psychologist, 1968, 22(1), 40. Gardner, J. M. The behavior modification model. Mental Retardation, ,1968, 6(4), 54-55. Gardner, J. M. History of the concept of cure in mental retardation. Paper read at the 92nd annual meeting of the American Association on Mental Deficiency, Boston, 1968. 1969 • Gardner, J. M. Behavior modification research in mental re­ tardation: Search for an adequate paradigm. American Jour­ nal of Mental Deficiency, 1969, 73, 844-851. Reprinted in F. Warner & R. Thrapp (Eds.)-Readings in - controversial is­ sues in education of the mentally retarded. New York: MSS Educational Publishing Co., 1971. Pp. 29-36. ±v VITA (continued) PUBLICATIONS (continued) Gardner, J. M. Indicators of homosexuality in the human figure drawings of heroin and pill using addicts. Percep­ tual and Motor Skills, 1969, 28, 705-706. Gardner, J. M. Survey of graduate study. Professional Psychology, 1969, 1(1), 91-92. Gardner, J. M. The training proficiency scale: Manual. St. Joseph Guild: Columbus, Ohio, .1969. Gardner, J. M. Can behavior therapists grow? Voices, 1969, December, 74-75. Gardner, J. M. & Watson, L. S. Behavior modification in mental retardation: An annotated bibliography. Mental Re­ tardation Abstracts, 1969, 6, 181-193. 1970 Gardner, J. M. (Ed.) Mental Retardation 1970. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Division of Mental Retardation, 1970. Gardner, J. M. Differential effects of two methods of teach­ ing behavior modification. In J. M. Gardner (Ed.) Mental Retardation 1970. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Division of Mental Retardation, 1970. Pp. 1-20. Gardner, J. M. Effects of reinforcement conditions on late­ ness and absence among institutional personnel. Ohio Re­ search Quarterly, 1970, 9(3), 315-316. Gardner, J. M., Brust, D. J., & Watson, L. S. A scale to measure proficiency in applying behavior modification skills. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1970, 74, 633-636. Gardner, J. M. & Giampa, P. L. Relationship between be­ havioral competence and social and emotional behavior in mental retardates. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1970, 75, 168-169. v VITA (continued) PUBLICATIONS (continued) Gardner, J. M., Selinger, S., Watson, L. S., Saposnek, D. & Gardner, G. M. Learning in mental retardation. Mental Retardation Abstracts, 1970, 7(3), 417-543. Gardner, J. M. Too much learning is a dangerous thing: Or, the more the wearier. Professional Psychology, 1970, 1, 412. 1971 Gardner, J. M. Behavior modification in mental retardation: A review of research and analysis of trends. In R. Rubin and C. M. Franks (Ed.) Progress in behavior therapy, 1969. New York: Academic Press, 1971, 37-59. Gardner, J. M. Innovation in the delivery of psychological services in an institution. American Psychologist, 1971, 26, 211-214. Gardner, J. M. Mental retardation research: Where do I send it? Mental Retardation, 1971, 9(6), 12-13. Gardner, J. M. "...neither a borrower nor a lender be." Professional Psychology, 1971, 2, 206. Gardner, J. M. Special problems.of the retarded. In Ohio Psychiatric Aide Manual. Columbus, Ohio: Division of Mental Retardation, 1971. Gardner, J. M. & Giampa, F. L. The utility of three behav­ ior indices for studying severely and profoundly retarded children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1971, 76, 352-356. Gardner, J. M. & Giampa, F. L. The attendant behavior check­ list: A preliminary report. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1971, 75, 617-622. Gardner, J. M. The politics of science. Professional Psychology, 1971, 2, 409. vi VITA (continued) PUBLICATIONS (continued) Gardner, J. M. & Selinger, S. Trends in learning research in mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Defi­ ciency, 1971, 75, 733—738"! Watson, L. S., Gardner, J. M. & Sanders, C. Shaping and maintaining behavior 'modification skills in staff members in an MR institution. Mental Retardation, 1971, 9(3), 39-42. 1972 Gardner, J. M. Training the trainers: A review of research on.teaching behavior modification. In C. M. Franks and R* Rubin (Eds.) Advances in behavior therapy, 1971. New York: Academic Press, 1972, in press. Gardner, J. M. Selection of nonprofessionals for behavior modification programs. American Journal of Mental Defi­ ciency, 1972, 76, 680-685. Gardner, J. M. Teaching behavior modification to nonpro­ fessionals. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1972, in press. Gardner, J. M. Ramblings. Professional Psychology, 1972, in press. Gardner, J. M. Review of N. R. Ellis (Ed.) International Review of Research in Mental Retardation. Volume 5. Behavior Therapy, 1972, in press. Yen, S., & Gardner, J. Ethical considerations in training parents as behavior modifiers. Behavior Therapy, 1972,