SWORN DECLARATION 1 PREJUDICE AND VIOLENCE IN INTERRELIGIOUS RELATIONS IN INDONESIA DOCTORAL THESIS to confer the academic degree of DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE (Dr. phil) in the Doctoral Program in Humanities and Cultural Sciences Author: Idhamsyah Eka Putra Submission: Department of Social and Economic Psychology First Supervisor: Professor Wolfgang Wagner Second Supervisor: Professor Nicole Kronberger January 2015 SWORN DECLARATION 2 SWORN DECLARATION I hereby declare under oath that the submitted Dissertation‟s thesis has been written solely by me without any outside assistance, information other than provided sources or aids have not been used and those used have been fully documented. The Dissertation‟s thesis here present is identical to the electronically transmitted text document. Linz, January 2015 Idhamsyah Eka Putra ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation thesis entitled “Prejudice and Violence in Interreligious Relations in Indonesia” is partially fulfillment of the requirements for doctoral degree in Humanity and Cultural Sciences. Besides, it is hope that the doctoral thesis can give contributions toward social problems, especially problems related to interreligious relations. It is no doubt that my dissertation could not be finished without supports, motivations, and helps from others. In this sense, I am grateful to those who had helped on the success of this dissertation. First and foremost, I want to thank Prof. Wolfgang Wagner. He has been my supervisor, mentor, and critical friend for discussion throughout this process. I must admit that he was so dedicated and patiently whole-hearted in helping me to improve my work. Second, I would like to thank Prof. Nicole Kronberger who has been my second supervisor and sparing her time in the middle of her full workload. I am grateful for her feedback and comments. Throughout my doctoral activities, there were institutions which have helped me a lot for the funding. Johannes Kepler University has granted me a support in the JKU International Scholarship scheme. Thank you for the help. Further, in particular for my dissertation project, Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) Indonesia has given me a support upon starting and finishing my field research especially in the research related to meta-prejudice, as well as finishing my dissertation thesis. It is an honor for me to be an awardee from LPDP Indonesia. I also would like to thank Ario Bimo Sukono. He is the person who spent a considerable amount of time advising and consulting for the languages use of my writing. Without his help, this dissertation would not have been possible. In addition, I would also like ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 to thank to my Japanese colleague Shino Koda, who has been a best friend of mine in Linz. Shino has been a good of supporter throughout the whole of my doctoral activities. We discussed endlessly about social representation theory. Also, I would like to thank the members of the Department of Social and Economic Psychology, especially to the Department‟ secretaries, Sonja and Birgitt. They were so instrumental in all aspects of my study‟s administrations in JKU. Without them, I would not able to finish my study. Thank you once again. There is Indonesian community in Linz that cares a lot to Indonesian students. I am grateful for their care. Specifically, I would like to thank Ari and family, Doddy and family, Herman, Desi and family, Jeffry and family, and Dewi. We had gatherings and conversations regarding Indonesian problems and how we as Indonesian can give contributions to solve those problems. There are also a number of people to whom I am indebted for their help during my doctoral study. I would like to thank them and sorry if I could not write their names one by one here. I thank my family: Indah, Ferry, Firman, Abang Dhana, Dicky, Tyas, Qika, and Bima. I could not have reached this goal without the underlying support of my wife, Rengganis Lenggogeni, and my son, Elang Ganesa Syahputra. Finally, none of this would have been possible without the love and care of my parents, Nasrizal and Rusdawati, and my parents in law, Zainoel B. Biran and Sri Hastari Biran. They give me a lot of thing to support my study. I thank them for everything that I have become. TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ 10 1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 12 1.1. THEME 1: RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM AND TERRORISM IN INDONESIA ..................... 13 1.1.1. Overview of Papers in Theme 1 ............................................................................. 16 1.2. THEME 2: META-PREJUDICE AND PREJUDICE IN RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN INDONESIA ....... 17 1.2.1. Overview of Papers in Theme 2 ............................................................................. 23 THEME 1 ................................................................................................................................ 27 2. BASIC CONCEPTS AND REASONS BEHIND THE EMERGENCE OF RELIGIOUS TERROR ACTIVITIES IN INDONESIA:AN INSIDE VIEW ............ 28 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. 29 2.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 30 2.1.1. Causes of Terrorism................................................................................................ 30 2.1.2. A Concept of Indonesian Islamic Terrorism .......................................................... 31 2.2. METHOD ......................................................................................................................... 33 2.2.1. Participants ............................................................................................................. 33 2.2.2. Procedure and Material ........................................................................................... 34 2.2.3. Analysis .................................................................................................................. 37 2.3. RESULTS ......................................................................................................................... 37 2.3.1. Causes of Terror Actions ........................................................................................ 37 2.3.2. Fundamental Concepts Explaining Terror Actions ................................................ 39 2.3.3. Summary of the Results .......................................................................................... 45 2.4. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................... 46 3. CAN ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM RELATE TO NON-VIOLENT SUPPORT? THE ROLE OF CERTAIN CONDITIONS IN MODERATING THE EFFECT OF ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM ON SUPPORTING ACTS OF TERRORISM ..... 50 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. 51 3.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 52 3.1.1. Islamic Fundamentalism ......................................................................................... 53 3.1.2. Rationalization of Violent Act ................................................................................ 53 3.1.3. The Present Study ................................................................................................... 54 3.2. METHOD ......................................................................................................................... 54 3.2.1. Participants ............................................................................................................. 54 3.2.2. Measures ................................................................................................................. 55 3.3. RESULTS ......................................................................................................................... 56 3.3.1. Preliminary Analysis .............................................................................................. 56 3.3.2. Three-way interaction ............................................................................................. 56 3.4. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................... 59 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6 3.4.1. Implication for Terrorism Disengagement ............................................................. 59 3.4.2. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 60 THEME 2 ................................................................................................................................ 62 4. THE ROLE OF INGROUP AND OUTGROUP META-PREJUDICE IN PREDICTING PREJUDICE AND IDENTITY UNDERMINING .............................. 63 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. 64 4.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 65 4.1.1. Prejudice, Meta-prejudice, and Social Identity ......................................................