,, te!\1 ~~\\ ~ '"'l r'' ') • A Letter from Eight Alabama Clergymen ~ to Martin Luther J(ing Jr. and his reply to them on order and common sense, the law and ~.. · .. ,..., .. nonviolence • The following is the public statement directed to Martin My dear Fellow Clergymen, Luther King, Jr., by eight Alabama clergymen. While confined h ere in the Birmingham City Jail, I "We the ~ders igned clergymen are among those who, in January, 1ssued 'An Appeal for Law and Order and Com· came across your r ecent statement calling our present mon !)ense,' in dealing with racial problems in Alabama. activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom, if ever, do We expressed understanding that honest convictions in I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If racial matters could properly be pursued in the courts I sought to answer all of the criticisms that cross my but urged that decisions ot those courts should in the mean~ desk, my secretaries would he engaged in little else in time be peacefully obeyed. the course of the day, and I would have no time for "Since that time there had been some evidence of in­ constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of creased forbearance and a willingness to face facts. Re­ genuine goodwill and your criticisms are sincerely set sponsible citizens have undertaken to work on various forth, I would like to answer your statement in what problems which cause racial friction and unrest. In Bir­ I hope will he patient and reasonable terms. mingham, recent public events have given indication that we all have opportunity for a new constructive and real­ I think I should give the reason for my being in Bir· istic approach to racial problems. mingham, since you have been influenced by the argu· '·However, we are now confronted by a series of demon­ ment of "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of ~ trations by some of our Negro citizens, directed and led m part by outsiders. We recognize the natural impatience serving as president of the Southern Christian Leader­ ?f people who feel tha~ their hopes are slow in being real­ ship Conference, an organization oper ating in every Ized. But we are convmced that these demonstrations are Southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Geor­ unwise and untimely. gia. We have some eighty-five affiliate organizations "We agree rather with certain local Negro leadership which all across the South--one b eing the Alabama Christian ~as called for honest and open negotiation of racial issues Movement for Human Rights. Whenever n ecessary and m our area. And we believe this kind of facing of issues possible we share staff, educational and financial re­ can best be accomplished by citizens of our own metro­ sources with our affiliates. Several months ago our local politan area, white and Negro, meeting with their knowl­ affiliate here in Birmingham invited us to be on call to edge and experience of the local situation. All of us need engage in a nonviolent direct action program if such to face that responsibility and find proper channels for its accomplishment. were deemed necessary. We readily consented and when the hour came we lived up to our promises. So "Just as we formerly pointed out that 'hatred and violence have no sa.nction in our religious and political traditions,' I am here, along with several members of my staff, w_e also pomt out that such actions as incite to hatred and because we were invited h ere. I am here b ecause I violence, however t~chni cally peaceful those actions may have basic organizational ties here. be, have not contributed to the resolution of our local problems. We do not believe that these days of new hope Beyond this, I am in Birmingham because injustice is ar~ days when extreme measures are justified in Bir­ here. Just as the eighth century prophets left their little mmgham. villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far "We co~end the community as a whole, and the local beyond the boundaries of their home towns; and just news media and law . enfor:ement o.ffidals in particular, as the Apostle Paul left his little village of Tarsus and on the calm manner m which these demonstrations have carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to practically every bee~ handled. We urge the public to continue to show re­ hamlet and city of the Graeco-Roman world, I too am stramt should the demonstrations continue and the law compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my enforcement. officials to remain calm and c~ntinue to pro· teet our city from violence. particular home town. Like P aul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid. "~e further strongly urge our own Negro community Withdraw support from these demonstrations and to Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of locally ~n working peacefully for a better' · · When n~hts are consistently denied, a cause communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in At· pressed m the courts and in negotiations ta and not h e concerned about what happens in l ea~ers , and not i.n. the streets. We appeal ingha.m. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice white and Negro c1hzenry to observe the · .Miii!io'Mrwhere. We are caught in an inescapable network and order and common sense." of IIUltuaJity, tied in a single garment of destiny. What­ Bishop <-:· C. oJ. Carpenter, Bishop I ever aJre'tte one directly affects all indirectly. Never Rabb, M£lton L. Grafman, Bishop Paul again eaa we afford to live with the narrow, provincial Nolan B. Harmon, Rev. George M. "outaide .Jlcitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the V. Ramage, Rev. Earl Stallings. 3 United States can never be considered an outsider any­ where in this country. difficulties involved. So we decided to go through a process of self-purification. We &tarted having work­ You deplore the demonstrations that are presently tak­ shops on nonviolence and repeatedly asked ou~selves ing place in Birmingham. But I am sorry that your the questions, "Are you able to accept blows Without statement did not express a similar concern for the retaliating?" "Are you able to endure the ordeals of conditions that brought the demonstrations into being. jail?" We decided to set our direct action program I am sure that each of you would want to go b eyond around the Easter season, r ealizing that witli the excep­ the superficial social analyst who looks merely at effects, tion of Christmas, this was the largest shopping period and does not grapple with underlying causes. I would of the year. Knowing that a strong economic withClrawal not hesitate to say that it is unfortunate that so-called program would be the by-pr?duct of d_irect action, we demonstrations are taking place in Birmingham at this felt that this was the best time to brmg pressure on time, but I would say in more emphatic terms that it the merchants for the n eeded changes. Then it occurred is even more unfortunate that the white power struc­ to us that the March election was ahead and so we ture of this city left the Negro community with no speedily decided to postpone action until after el.ection other alternative. day. When we discovered that Mr. Connor was m the run-off, we decided again to postpone action so th~t the In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: demonstrations could \not be used to cloud the Issues. l ) Collection of the facts to determine whether in­ At this time we agreed to begin our nonviolent witness just ices are alive. 2) Negotiation. 3) Self-purification the day after the rnn-off. and 4) Direct Action . We have gon e through all of these steps in Birmingham. There can be n o gainsaying This reveals that we did not move irresponsibly into of the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community. direct action. We too wanted to see Mr. Connor de­ feated · so we went through postponement after post­ Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segre­ ponem'ent to aid in this community n eed. After this we gated city in the United States. Its ugly record of police felt that direct action could be delayed no longer. brutality is known in every section of this country. Its unjust treatment of Negroes in the courts is a notorious Creative Tension r eality. There have been more unsolved bombings of You may well ask, " Why direct action? Why sit-ins, Negro homes and churches in Biruungbam than any march es, etc.? Isn't n egotiation a better path?" You city in this nation. These are the hard, brutal and unbe­ are exactly right in your call for negotiation. Indeed, lievable facts. On the b asis of these conditiom Negro this is the purpose of direct action. Nonviolent direct leaders sought to n egotiate with the dty fathers. But action seeks to create such a crisis and establish such the political leaders consistently r efused to engage in creative ten sion that a community that has constantly good faith n egotiation. refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It Then came the opportunity last September to talk with seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored. I just referred to the creation of t ension as a some of the leaders of the economic community. In part of the work of the nonviolent resister. This may these negotiating sessions certain promisea were made sound r ather shocking.