health_omslag17.qxp 14/10/05 11:23 Side 1 Bjarne Bruun Jensen (Eds.) Stephen Clift This book brings together recent international scholarship on the Stephen Clift and Bjarne Bruun Jensen (Eds.) links between education and health, and recent research evidence evaluating the processes and outcomes of health promoting schools initiatives. The Health Promoting School: The book arises out of the Education and Health in Partnership International Advances in Theory, conference, which took place in Egmond aan Zee, the Netherlands Evaluation and Practice in September 2002. The key aims of the conference were to focus on effective partnership working for health in schools and to con- sider the evidence base for health promoting schools programmes. A significant outcome of the conference was the Egmond Agenda, which outlines the principal components for success in establishing health promoting schools. Contributors from across Europe, the United States, South Africa Evaluation and Practice International Advances in Theory, The Health Promoting School: and Australia present findings from national health promoting school projects, with a particular emphasis on the promotion of mental health. The volume will be of interest to all education and health profes- sionals interested in the contributions of schools in promoting health, empowerment, action competence and wellbeing of young people. health.qxp23 18/10/05 14:45 Side 1 Stephen Clift and Bjarne Bruun Jensen (Eds.) The Health Promoting School: International Advances in Theory, Evaluation and Practice Danish University of Education Press health.qxp23 18/10/05 14:45 Side 2 The Health Promoting School: International Advances in Theory, Evaluation and Practice Editors: Stephen Clift and Bjarne Bruun Jensen Research Programme for Environmental and Health Education at the Danish University of Education Published on behalf of the European Network of Health Promoting Schools by Danish University of Education Press The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s)/contributors and do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the participating organizations of the European Network of Health Promoting Schools © 2005 Danish University of Education Press No parts of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Typeset and Cover: Schwander Kommunikation, Copenhagen Printed in Denmark by: Reproset, Copenhagen 1. edition, 1. impression ISBN 87-7684-012-3 Danish University of Education Press 54, Emdrupvej DK – 2400 Copenhagen NV [email protected] www.dpu.dk/forlag How to buy: National Library of Education P.O. Box 840, DK – 2400 Copenhagen NV www.dpb.dpu.dk [email protected] T: +45 8888 9360 F: +45 8888 9394 health.qxp23 18/10/05 14:45 Side 3 3 Contents 7 Foreword Vivian Barnekow Rasmussen 9 Introduction Stephen Clift, Bjarne Bruun Jensen and Peter Paulus Part I: Concepts and Theory 23 1 Health Promotion in Schools: The Radical Imperative Keith Tones 41 2 Complexity and the Health Promoting School Derek Colquhoun 55 3 From the Health Promoting School to The Good and Healthy School: New Developments in Germany Peter Paulus 75 4 Towards the Development of Indicators for Health Promoting Schools Charles T. Viljoen, Tiaan G.J. Kirsten, Bo Haglund and Per Tillgren 87 5 The Tailored Schoolbeat-Approach: New Concepts for Health Promotion in Schools Mariken T.W. Leurs, Maria W.J. Jansen, Herman P. Schaalma, Ingrid M. Mur-Veeman and Nanne K. De Vries 107 6 Implementing Research-Based Health Promotion Programmes in Schools: Strategies for Capacity Building Cheryl Vince Whitman health.qxp23 18/10/05 14:45 Side 4 4 The Health Promoting School: International Advances in Theory, Evaluation and Practice 137 7 Health Education and Environmental Education: The Case for Integration Jörgen Svedbom 151 8 Skills for Health: Skills-Based Health Education to Teach Life Skills Carmen Aldinger and Cheryl Vince Whitman 173 9 Participation and Learning about Health Venka Simovska 193 10 Inequality, Health and Action for Health – Do Children and Young People in Denmark have an Opinion? Bjarne Bruun Jensen and Bente Jensen Part II: Case Studies 217 11 What can we Learn for the Future Development of the Health Promoting School Idea from the Experience of a Project in two Regions in Russia? Katherine Weare 239 12 Professional Competition and Cooperation Frames for Health Promotion in Swedish Schools Rolf Lander 253 13 The Roles of Participation and Dialogue in Health Promoting Schools: Cases from Sweden Lena Nilsson 271 14 Collaboration as a Learning and Research Method in Promotional and Participatory Action Research in the Finnish ENHP Schools Kerttu Tossavainen, Hannele Turunen and Harri Vertio 291 15 The Views of School Health Nurses on Promoting the Health and Well-Being of Young People in Finnish Upper Level of Comprehensive School Raili Välimaa 309 16 Action-Oriented Knowledge, Information and Communication Technology and Action Competence: A Young Minds Case Study Bjarne Bruun Jensen and Venka Simovska 329 17 Mindmatters (Germany and Switzerland): Adaptation, First Results and Further Steps Marco Franze health.qxp23 18/10/05 14:45 Side 5 Contents 5 347 18 Computers Don’t Matter in the End: An Experience of Empowering Children in Macedonian Schools Kristina Egumenovska 367 19 Upbringing as a way of Supporting Adolescents’ Health Learning – Views of Parents in the Finnish ENHPS Hannele Turunen, Kerttu Tossavainen and Harri Vertio Part III: Comparative Studies 383 20 The Development and Evaluation of a Mental Health Promotion Programme for Post-Primary Schools in Ireland Mary Byrne, Margaret Barry, Saoirse NicGabhainn and John Newell 409 21 Is the Social Climate More Secure in Health Promoting Schools? A Comparative Research Study Miluse Havlinova and Michal Kolar 423 22 An Evaluation of the Impact of Health Promoting Schools in Latvia 1993-2000 Silva Omarova, Vizma Mikelsone and Ilze Kalnins 447 23 Evaluation of a School Based Health Promotion Program on Sexual Health Education by Female Physicians – A Gender Approach Christiane Thomas, Ulrike Ravens-Sieberer, Christine Klapp, and Gisela Gille 463 24 Health Promoting Schools: Building Social and Organizational Capital to Promote Teachers’ Wellbeing and Job Commitment Kate Lemerle and Donald Stewart 491 Contributors health.qxp23 18/10/05 14:45 Side 6 health.qxp23 18/10/05 14:45 Side 7 7 Foreword Vivian Barnekow Rasmussen The European Network of Health Promoting Schools was established in the early nineties by Council of Europe, the European Commission and WHO, Regional Office for Europe as an outcome of a series of workshops and conference focussing on the setting approach as a tool to develop health promotion in schools. Over time countries active in the network have developed comprehensive programmes involving both health and education sectors. As the two sectors were often using different terminology and tools for evaluation, it soon became a challenge to provide evidence and proof of effectiveness, which would be useful to both health and well being perspectives as well as to academic achievement; the health promoting school had to prove its usefulness to all partners involved. The European Conference on linking education with the promotion of health on schools was held in Egmond an Zee in September 2002. One of the key aims of the conference was to focus on education and health in partnership as well as on the evidence base for health promoting schools programmes. The conference offered a series of workshops looking into different issues such as the effectiveness of school based health promotion indicators for success, and evaluation approaches and methods. A large number of papers were presented during the conference, all peer-reviewed in order to ensure high quality. One outcome was the Egmond Agenda, a tool for programming which has a high emphasis on evaluation perspectives, and one of the follow ups from the conference was to start the process of collecting and consolidating the evidence base of health promotion in the school setting. health.qxp23 18/10/05 14:45 Side 8 8 The Health Promoting School: International Advances in Theory, Evaluation and Practice As a result of this participants who had presented papers at the conference, as well as national coordinators and through them also national researchers involved in health promoting schools approaches, were invited to contribute to this book. All contributions were peer reviewed and a final selection of relevant input to the book was chosen. We have no intentions of claiming that this book represents the full picture of the evidence base for health promotion in schools; the publication is to be seen as stepping stone in building the evidence base, a contribution to the professional and expert literature linked to health promoting schools approaches. We sincerely hope that the book will not only be helpful to experts working in the field of school health promotion, but that it can also be used to inform policymakers on decisions to take to support HPS developments. It is also our hope that this book will encourage researchers and other resource people working with health promotion and schools to make publicly available the results of their research to strengthen the evidence base for health promoting school approaches. health.qxp23 18/10/05 14:45 Side 9 9 Introduction Stephen Clift, Bjarne Bruun Jensen and Peter Paulus The Health Promoting School Vision School health promotion has made a considerable progress since its beginnings in the early nineties of the last century. Expanding the traditional approach of health education in schools, which aimed at influencing knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of pupils it reached its final and elaborated conceptualization in the settings approach of the health promoting school. This approach, which links democracy, participation and health, has gained acceptance as one of the most powerful approaches to promoting health, empowerment and action competence in and with schools.