Universität Leipzig November òýÔÀ A crossover puzzle in Hindi scrambling Stefan Keine University of Southern California (presenting joint work with Rajesh Bhatt) Ô Introduction Condition C, i.e., if it does not amnesty a Condition C violation in the base position (see Lebeaux ÔÀ, òýýý, Chomsky ÔÀÀç, Sauerland ÔÀÀ, Fox ÔÀÀÀ, • Background and terminology Takahashi & Hulsey òýýÀ). Ô. Inverse linking ( ) a. *He thinks [John’s mother] is intelligent. A possessor may bind a pronoun c-commanded by its host DP (May ÔÀÞÞ, Ô Ô b. * mother thinks is intelligent. Higginbotham ÔÀý, Reinhart ÔÀç). We will refer to this phenomena as [John’sÔ ]ò heÔ ò inverse linking (see May & Bale òýýâ for an overview). • Movement-type asymmetries (Ô) a. [Everyone’sÔ mother] thinks heÔ is a genius. English A- and A-movement dier w.r.t. several of these properties: b. [No one’s mother-in-law] fully approves of her . Ô Ô (â) Weak crossover (WCO) ò. Crossover a. A-movement Crossover arises if a DP moves over a pronoun that it binds and the resulting Every boyÔ seems to hisÔ mother [ Ô to be intelligent ] structure is ungrammatical (Postal ÔÀÞÔ, Wasow ÔÀÞò). b. A-movement (ò) Strong crossover (SCO): pronoun c-commands trace *Which boyÔ did hisÔ mother say [ Ô is intelligent ]? a. *DPÔ ... pronÔ ... tÔ (Þ) Secondary strong crossover (SSCO) b. *WhoÔ does sheÔ like Ô? a. A-movement (ç) Weak crossover (WCO): pronoun does not c-command trace [ Every boy’sÔ mother ]ò seems to himÔ [ ò to be intelligent ] a. *DP ... [ ... pron ...] ... t Ô DP Ô Ô b. A-movement b. *WhoÔ does [herÔ mother] like Ô? *[ WhoseÔ mother ]ò does heÔ think [ ò is intelligent ]? ç. Secondary strong crossover (SSCO) SSCO refers to ungrammatical congurations that involve strong crossover () Condition C connectivity with possessors under inverse linking (van Riemsdijk & Williams ÔÀÔ, Postal ÔÀÀç, Sar a. A-movement ÔÀÀÀ). [ John’sÔ mother ]ò seems to himÔ [ ò to be intelligent ] b. A-movement (¥) *[WhoseÔ mother]ò do you think sheÔ likes ò? *[ John’sÔ mother ]ò heÔ thinks [ ò is intelligent ] ¥. Condition C connectivity A movement step displays Condition C connectivity if it reconstructs for Ô • Goal for today ò A scrambling puzzle We examine and document the apparently paradoxical behavior of local scram- bling in Hindi w.r.t. these properties. • Goal We investigate the crossover properties of local (i.e., clausebounded) scrambling ⪧ Scrambling is not subject to WCO → patterns like English A-movement in Hindi (which we will simply refer to as “scrambling” in what follows). ⪧ Scrambling displays SSCO and Condition C connectivity → patterns like English A-movement • Weak crossover A standard generalization about local scrambling in Hindi is that it is not subject • Proposal to WCO (Mahajan ÔÀÀý, Gurtu ÔÀÀò, et seq.); see (Ôý). In this respect, scrambling is apparently paradoxical behavior indicates that WCO on the one hand and clearly behaves like English A-movement (âa). SSCO and Condition C connectivity on the other have distinct sources. (Ôý) Local scrambling is not subject to WCO Ô. WCO is conditioned by the A- or A-nature of the landing site. a. behin-ne da˜at˜ aa [ us-kiiÔ~*ò ][ har lar.ke-koò ] . ò. SSCO and Condition C connectivity are conditioned by the representation s/he-u sister-u§ every boy-Zhh scolded of the moved DP in its launching site, specically whether the launching ‘Her/his sister scolded every boy .’ Ô~*ò ò site has received case or not. b. behin-ne da˜at˜ aa [ har lar.ke-ko ]Ô [ us-kiiÔ ] Ô . • English A-movement: every boy-Zhh s/he-u sister-u§ scolded movement of a non-case-marked DP to an A-position ‘For every boy x, x’s sister scolded x.’ • English A-movement: • movement of a case-marked DP to an A-position Inverse linking Hindi allows for inverse linking: a possessor inside a DP may bind a pronoun c-commanded by the container DP. (À) (Hindi) scrambling involves movement of an already case-marked DP to an A-position. (ÔÔ) Binding by possessor behin-ne da˜at˜ aa a. Because the movement targets an A-position, it is resilient to WCO. [ har lar.ke-kiiÔ ] us-koÔ . b. Because the movement applies to a case-marked DP, it is subject to every boy-u sister-u§ he-Zhh scolded SSCO and Condition C connectivity. ‘For every boy x, x’s sister scolded x.’ • Incidentally, such inverse linking is possible even if the possessor demonstrably • SSCO, Condition C, and case cannot move out of the container DP. While Hindi in principle allows possessor To derive the connection between SSCO, Condition C connectivity, and case, extraction, such extraction is not possible out of ergative subjects (Ôò) or ko- we adopt Takahashi & Hulsey’s(òýýÀ) Wholesale Late Merge account, which is marked objects (Ôç). crucially linked to case. (Ôò) No possessor extraction out of ergative DPs • As a result, (Hindi) scrambling behaves like A-movement w.r.t. the properties of a. kal [ Ram-kii behin-ne ] Anu-ko d. a˜at˜.aa the landing site (WCO) but like A-movement w.r.t. the properties of the trace yesterday Ram-u sister-u§ Anu-Zhh scolded (SSCO and Condition C). ‘Yesterday, Ram’s sister scolded Anu.’ b. *Ram-kiiÔ kal [ Ô behin-ne ] Anu-ko d. a˜at˜.aa Ram-u yesterday sister-u§ Anu-Zhh scolded ò (Ôç) No possessor extraction out of ko-marked objects • Another way of framing the problem a. us-ne [ Ram-kii behin-ko ] d. a˜at˜.aa s/he-u§ Ram-u sister-Zhh scolded Scrambling can feed inverse linking (i.e., binding by a possessor inside the scram- bled DP) only if the bound pronoun does not c-command the launching site ‘S/he scolded Ram’s sister.’ Ô ò (see (Ô¥) vs. (Ô )). No analogous restriction holds in the absence of scrambling. b. *Ram-kii us-ne [ behin-ko ] da˜at˜ aa Ô Ô . Looks like we are dealing with a constraint on scrambling. Ram-u s/he-u§ sister-Zhh scolded ⪧ • Condition C connectivity with possessors • Inverse linking and movement Hindi scrambling is subject to Condition C connectivity with possessors. (ÔÞa) Inverse linking is in principle possible for derived structures as well. In (ÔÔ), the demonstrates that, unsurprisingly, a coindexed subject creates a Condition C vio- object har lar.ke-kii behin-ko ‘every boy’s sister-Zhh’ scrambles over the subject, lation for a possessor R-expression inside the object. (ÔÞb) shows that scrambling and it may bind the subject-internal pronoun us-ke. of the object over the subject does not obviate this Condition C violation. (Ô¥) Binding by possessor inside scrambled DP (ÔÞ) Scrambling does not amnesty Condition C violations [ har larke-kii behin-ko ] [ us-ke dost-ne ] da˜at˜ aa . Ô ò Ô ò . a. *us-ne [ Sita-ke bhaaii-ko ] da˜at˜ aa every boy-u sister-Zhh he-u friend-u§ scolded Ô Ô . she-u§ Sita-u brother-Zhh scolded ‘For every boy x, x’s friend scolded x’s sister.’ ‘SheÔ scolded Sita’sÔ brother.’ • Secondary strong crossover b. *[ Sita-keÔ bhaaii-ko ]ò us-neÔ ò d. a˜at˜.aa Curiously, however, a possessor contained inside a scrambled DP may not bind a Sita-u brother-Zhh she-u§ scolded pronoun that is crossed by movement if this pronoun c-commands the launching ‘Sita’sÔ brother, sheÔ scolded.’ site: • Summary (Ô ) No binding by possessor if pronoun c-commands trace Hindi scrambling does not align with English A- or A-movement with respect * behin-ko da˜at˜ aa [ har lar.ke-kiiÔ ]ò us-neÔ ò . to the above properties. every boy-u sister-Zhh he-u§ scolded ‘For every boy x, x scolded x’s sister.’ (Ô) English Hindi English A-movement scrambling A-movement • (Ô ) constitues a SSCO conguration similar to (Þb). e ungrammaticality WCO N N Y of (Ô ) thus indicates that Hindi scrambling is subject to SSCO, like English A-movement. SSCO N Y Y possessor Condition C NY Y • e puzzle connectivity Ô. Scrambling feeds variable binding (see (Ôý) and (Ô¥)); • ò. Possessors may bind outside the host DP in the absence of movement (see Questions (ÔÔ)); Ô. How does scrambling relate to the A/A-movement distinction (see, among many others, Webelhuth ÔÀÀ, Mahajan ÔÀÀý, Dayal ÔÀÀ¥)? ç. e trace in (Ô ) is not coindexed with the subject pronoun, so there is no transparent Condition B/C eect w.r.t. the trace. ò. Does scrambling constitute a third primitive type of movement, in addition to the standard A/A-dichotomy, or can this constellation of properties be (Ôâ) *[ every boy’s sister ] ... him ... t ... Ô ò Ô ò derived from other, independent properties of scrambling? ¾ Why is (Ô ) ungrammatical? ç ç Proposal (òÔ) (Hindi) scrambling involves movement of an already case-marked DP to an A-position. • Drawing on Takahashi & Hulsey’s(òýýÀ) Wholesale Late Merger account of Condition C connectivity, we propose that the SSCO pattern in Hindi scrambling a. Because the movement targets an A-position, it is resilient to WCO. derives from the independent fact that scrambling does not feed case assignment. b. Because the movement applies to a case-marked DP, it is subject to SSCO and Condition C connectivity. • Scrambling and case Hindi scrambling diers from English A-movement in that it is independent of case: scrambling never aects the case of the moving element, and it does not µ In other words, we propose that scrambling is A-movement that takes place aer discriminate among DPs based on their case feature (Keine òýÔ).